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Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection (1997) [819 citations — 12 self]

Abstract:

We develop a face recognition algorithm which is insensitive to gross variation in lighting direction and facial expression. Taking a pattern classification approach, we consider each pixel in an image as a coordinate in a high-dimensional space. We takeadvantage of the observation that the images of a particular face, under varying illumination but fixed pose, lie in a 3-D linear subspace of the high dimensional image space -- if the face is a Lambertian surface without shadowing. However, since faces are not truly Lambertian surfaces and do indeed produce self-shadowing, images will deviate from this linear subspace. Rather than explicitly modeling this deviation, we linearly project the image into a subspace in a manner which discounts those regions of the face with large deviation. Our projection method is based on Fisher's Linear Discriminant and produces well separated classes in a lowdimensional subspace even under severe variation in lighting and facial expressions.

Citations

3011 Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis – Duda, Hart - 1973
1813 Eigenfaces for recognition – Turk, Pentland - 1991
1138 Robot vision – Horn - 1986
744 Visual learning and recognition of 3-D objects from appearance – Murase, Nayar - 1995
543 The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problem – Fisher - 1936
523 Face Recognition Using Eigenfaces – Turk, Pentland - 1991
476 View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition – Pentland, Moghaddam, et al. - 1994
403 Human and machine recognition of faces: A survey – Chellappa, Wilson, et al. - 1995
300 Low-dimensional procedure for characterization of human faces – Sirovich, Kirby - 1987
216 D.: What is the set of images of an object under all possible lighting conditions – Belhumeur, Kriegman - 1996
216 Pattern Classi cation and Scene Analysis – Duda, Hart - 1973
188 Probabilistic visual learning for object detection – Moghaddam, Pentland - 1995
181 Automatic recognition and analysis of human faces and facial expressions: A survey. Pattern Recognition – Samal, Iyengar - 1992
172 Face Recognition: The Problem Of Compensating For Changes – Adini, Moses, et al. - 1997
95 Face recognition under varying pose – Beymer - 1993
90 A low-dimensional representation of human faces for arbitrary lighting conditions – Hallinan - 1994
72 Cootes, "A unified approach to coding and interpreting face images – Lanitis, Taylor, et al. - 1995
60 Geometry and Photometry in 3D visual recognition – Shashua - 1992
54 Human and machine recognition of faces – Chellappa, Wilson, et al. - 1995
52 Face Recognition: Features vs. Templates – Brunelli, Poggio - 1993
47 Determining the gaze of faces in images – Gee, Cipolla - 1994
45 A.: Finding face features – Craw, Tock, et al. - 1992
43 Analyzing Images of Curved Surface – Woodham - 1981
37 Determining Shape and Reflectance Using Multiple Images – Silver - 1980
30 Face detection by fuzzy pattern matching – CHEN, WU, et al. - 1995
29 Learning-based hand sign recognition using shoslif-m – Cui, Swets, et al. - 1995
29 Pattern rejection – Baker, Nayar - 1996
28 ªA Deformable Model for Face Recognition Under Arbitrary Lighting Conditions,º – Hallinan - 1995
25 Finding faces in cluttered scenes using labelled random graph matching – Leung, Perona - 1995
24 Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces – Sirovitch, Kirby - 1987
21 Automatic recognition of human facial expressions – Matsino, Lee, et al. - 1995
13 A Real-Time Face Recognition System Using Custom VLSI Hardware – Gilbert, Yang - 1993
12 Human face recognition method based on the statistical model of small sample size – Cheng, Liu, et al. - 1991
12 Dimensionality of illumination in appearance matching – Nayar, Murase - 1996
11 Determining the gaze of faces – Gee, Cipolla - 1994
6 A uni ed approach to coding and interpreting face images – Lanitis, Taylor, et al. - 1995
5 Learning-Based Hand Sign Recognition Using – Cui, Swets, et al. - 1995
5 Finding Faces – Leung, Burl, et al. - 1995
5 ªFace Recognition: Features vs – Brunelli, Poggio - 1993
5 Determining Shape and Re ectance Using Multiple Images – Silver - 1980
4 Dimensionality of Illumination – Nayar, Murase - 1996
3 Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using – Belhumeur, Hespanha, et al. - 1996
2 A Unified Approach to Coding and Interpreting – Lanitis, Taylor, et al. - 1995
2 Face Detection by Fuzzy – Chen, Wu, et al. - 1995