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LENR Research Using Co-Deposition
| Venue: | Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science |
| Citations: | 1 - 0 self |
BibTeX
@INPROCEEDINGS{Szpak_lenrresearch,
author = {S. Szpak and P. A. Mosier-boss and F. Gordon and J. Dea and M. Miles and J. Khim and L. Forsley},
title = {LENR Research Using Co-Deposition},
booktitle = {Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science},
year = {},
pages = {10--15}
}
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Abstract
The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include tritium and the emission of γ- and X-rays, neutrons, and energetic particles. This communication summarizes 19 years of LENR research that has focused on the Pd/D co-deposition process. In March 1989, two chemists in Utah, Fleischmann and Pons, announced that they had performed electrochemical experiments that produced more excess energy than could be accounted for by chemical reactions. Therefore they speculated that the source must involve nuclear reactions and the effect became known as “Cold Fusion. ” The claims of Fleischman and Pons caused a global sensation. Much of the uproar was due to the fact that their observations disagreed with the accepted theory of nuclear reactions. Within days scientists around the world had started work on duplications of the experiments. Many of these efforts failed. Reasons for the failures varied. Many researchers used palladium cathodes whose past histories were unknown. Others used improper cell configurations that precluded achieving the high D/Pd loadings necessary to initiate the effect. Still others did not realize that, with bulk electrodes, long incubation times were necessary to produce the effect. However, despite the large number of failures, there were other scientists who did observe anomalous behaviors that could not be explained. These other scientists continued to investigate the effect, which is now called Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR).
Keyphrases
lenr research using co-deposition pd co-deposition process nuclear reaction naval laboratory accepted theory energetic particle high pd loading large number long incubation time palladium cathode san diego global sensation within day scientist electrochemical experiment alternative mean pd co-deposition chemical reaction besides heat low energy nuclear reaction anomalous behavior improper cell configuration past history lenr research nuclear product excess energy cold fusion many researcher stan szpak bulk electrode
