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...the need to update the memory content, or the manipulations to be performed on such item. However, temporary storage of sensory information for prospective behavior (‘‘working memory’’; Fuster, 1997; =-=Baddeley, 1992-=-) and motor preparation are usually seen as complementary, rather than functionally overlapping, processes (Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Quintana & Fuster, 1999; Goldman-Rakic, 19...

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...al images of the subjects. Toni et al. 777 of an associative visuomotor task with instructed delays. Our results suggest that, apart from the established contribution of the dorsal visuomotor stream (=-=Milner & Goodale, 1995-=-), portions of the ventral visual stream also take part in the goal-related activity that precedes a motor response. These results raise the possibility that preparing an action involves multiple cere...

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..., 2001). Figure 6C not only confirms the involvement of a caudal portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the control of finger movements (Ehrsson et al., 2000; Ehrsson, Fagergren, & Forssberg, 2001; =-=Iacoboni et al., 1999-=-; Krams et al., 1998), but it also reveals that IC-related responses are not completely absent in this region. On the basis of a related study (Toni, Ramnani, et al., 2001), it is tempting to speculat...

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... distractors, the need to update the memory content, or the manipulations to be performed on such item. However, temporary storage of sensory information for prospective behavior (‘‘working memory’’; =-=Fuster, 1997-=-; Baddeley, 1992) and motor preparation are usually seen as complementary, rather than functionally overlapping, processes (Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Quintana & Fuster, 1999; G...

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...mance of an actual motor act, or from the presence of a response’s target (Fuster, 1973). Such preparatory activity has been considered a neural correlate of the cognitive representation of movement (=-=Jeannerod, 1997-=-), since it opens a window into internal states of an agent that are not tied to a particular sensory or effector system (Markman & Dietrich, 2000). This article investigates the functional anatomy of...

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...r these conditions, transient stimulusdriven attentional capture is likely to dominate over goal-directed sustained attention, in particular, over posterior areas (Schubo, Meinecke, & Schroger, 2001; =-=Egeth & Yantis, 1997-=-). Finally, motor preparatory activity might have been affected by overt movements. Subjects’ responses required the displacement of a button press, and the task was performed in free vision. However,...

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...elated activity that precedes a motor response. These results raise the possibility that preparing an action involves multiple cerebral representations, centered not only on parietofrontal circuitry (=-=Snyder, Batista, & Andersen, 1997-=-; Riehle, Kornblum, & Requin, 1994), but also in ventral occipito-temporal regions. In the following sections, we discuss the behavioral and neural correlates of preparatory activity isolated in this ...

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... the inferences are about the presence of an effect in these subjects during these scanning sessions and not about the average size of the effect in the population from which the subjects were drawn (=-=Friston, Holmes, Price, Buchel, & Worsley, 1999-=-; Friston, Holmes, & Worsley, 1999). In order to appropriately estimate intersubject variability and thus extend the inferences to the population, it would be necessary to collapse the data over repli...

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...atter region also showed sustained activity during motor preparation. Anatomically, much of the cortex in the caudal STS of the macaque has visual functions (Yaginuma, Osawa, Yamaguchi, & Iwai, 1993; =-=Desimone & Ungerleider, 1986-=-), and it receives convergent input from areas of both the dorsal and the ventral visual stream (Distler, Boussaoud, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1993; Baizer, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1991; Morel & Bulli...

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...chusetts Institute of Technology Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:5, pp. 769–784 temporal gaps between stimulus presentation and behavioral response (D’Esposito, Ballard, Zarahn, & Aguirre, 2000; =-=Rowe, Toni, Josephs, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 2000-=-; Chawla, Rees, & Friston, 1999; Postle & D’Esposito, 1999; Courtney, Petit, Maisog, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998; Petit, Courtney, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998). This approach is appropriate for studying...

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...ulus presentation and behavioral response (D’Esposito, Ballard, Zarahn, & Aguirre, 2000; Rowe, Toni, Josephs, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 2000; Chawla, Rees, & Friston, 1999; Postle & D’Esposito, 1999; =-=Courtney, Petit, Maisog, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998-=-; Petit, Courtney, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998). This approach is appropriate for studying working memory or sustained attentional processes, where a long delay is necessary to establish the cognitive ...

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...l studies have reported attentional (or contextual) modulation of activity in primary visual areas (Gilbert, Ito, Kapadia, & Westheimer, 2000; Kastner, Pinsk, De Weerd, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1999; =-=Kosslyn et al., 1999-=-; Watanabe et al., 1998; Fuster, 1990). More specifically, the occipital area involved in the current study (30, 92, 24) has been implicated, in humans, in the perception of kinetic boundaries (Dupon...

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... Neuroscience 14:5, pp. 769–784 temporal gaps between stimulus presentation and behavioral response (D’Esposito, Ballard, Zarahn, & Aguirre, 2000; Rowe, Toni, Josephs, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 2000; =-=Chawla, Rees, & Friston, 1999-=-; Postle & D’Esposito, 1999; Courtney, Petit, Maisog, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998; Petit, Courtney, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998). This approach is appropriate for studying working memory or sustained at...

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...r future. Under these circumstances, it is possible to isolate neural activity that is temporally independent from the performance of an actual motor act, or from the presence of a response’s target (=-=Fuster, 1973-=-). Such preparatory activity has been considered a neural correlate of the cognitive representation of movement (Jeannerod, 1997), since it opens a window into internal states of an agent that are not...

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...e group analysis, with a radius equal to the FWHM (7.9, 8.0, 7.1) of the relative SPM{F}. 772 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Volume 14, Number 5 transverse gyrus fall on the border of human BA 21 (=-=Rademacher et al., 2001-=-). Evoked Hemodynamic Responses (EHRs) This section characterizes the EHRs of some relevant areas to each of the three behavioral components of the task (IC, DP, TC). The EHRs have been plotted as est...

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..., Turner, & Friston, 1997). The long ITI allowed the estimation of the whole time course of the EHR to each experimental event and not only the differential component of the responses to each event ( =-=Josephs & Henson, 1999-=-). The delays between the IC and the TC were selected from a uniform distribution of intervals (1.3–20.8 sec in steps of 1.3 sec). This range of delays allowed us to partition the EHR model into three...

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...7; Baddeley, 1992) and motor preparation are usually seen as complementary, rather than functionally overlapping, processes (Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Quintana & Fuster, 1999; =-=Goldman-Rakic, 1998-=-; Rushworth, Nixon, Eacott, & Passingham, 1997). The absence of effects of delay on the mean RT (Figure 2B) suggests that the motor preparation process was homogenous across the whole range of DPs. It...

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...ct in these subjects during these scanning sessions and not about the average size of the effect in the population from which the subjects were drawn (Friston, Holmes, Price, Buchel, & Worsley, 1999; =-=Friston, Holmes, & Worsley, 1999-=-). In order to appropriately estimate intersubject variability and thus extend the inferences to the population, it would be necessary to collapse the data over replications within subjects. However, ...

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...in imaging is well suited to address the spatially distributed nature of visuomotor transformations (Krams, Rushworth, Deiber, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 1998; Deiber, Ibanez, Sadato, & Hallett, 1996; =-=Stephan et al., 1995-=-; Kawashima, Roland, & O’Sullivan, 1994). However, previous studies on motor preparation and movement representation have usually relied on the assumption of pure insertion of cognitive processes (Fri...

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...nd intensity that are not necessarily time-locked to a particular time point. The transient EHRs (i.e., IC and TC components) were modeled with a set of gamma functions and their temporal derivative (=-=Friston, Josephs, Rees, & Turner, 1998-=-), time-locked to the occurrence of the IC and the TC. These temporal basis functions allowed unconstrained characterization of the transient responses while avoiding collinearity with the partition o...

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.... This mismatch between trial occurrence and volume acquisition allowed a characterization of the EHRs at a finer temporal resolution than the actual TR, while preserving coverage of the whole brain (=-=Josephs, Turner, & Friston, 1997-=-). The long ITI allowed the estimation of the whole time course of the EHR to each experimental event and not only the differential component of the responses to each event ( Josephs & Henson, 1999). ...

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... time after the presentation of the IC. Image Analysis The data were analyzed with SPM97 (www.fil.ion.ucl.ac. uk/spm; Friston, Holmes, Worsley, et al., 1995). After standard preprocessing procedures (=-=Toni, Krams, Turner, & Passingham, 1998-=-; Toni et al., 1999), functional images smoothed with an isotropic Gaussian kernel of 4 mm were submitted to statistical analysis. Note that this spatial filter preserved the native anatomical resolut...

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..., Ballard, Zarahn, & Aguirre, 2000; Rowe, Toni, Josephs, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 2000; Chawla, Rees, & Friston, 1999; Postle & D’Esposito, 1999; Courtney, Petit, Maisog, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998; =-=Petit, Courtney, Ungerleider, & Haxby, 1998-=-). This approach is appropriate for studying working memory or sustained attentional processes, where a long delay is necessary to establish the cognitive set at the basis of the phenomena under inves...

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...995; Kawashima, Roland, & O’Sullivan, 1994). However, previous studies on motor preparation and movement representation have usually relied on the assumption of pure insertion of cognitive processes (=-=Friston et al., 1996-=-; Steinberg, 1969). In the present context, this assumption implies that preparing to move does not affect the selection and execution stages of the sensorimotor transformation. This assumption has be...

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...amaguchi, & Iwai, 1993; Desimone & Ungerleider, 1986), and it receives convergent input from areas of both the dorsal and the ventral visual stream (Distler, Boussaoud, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1993; =-=Baizer, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1991-=-; Morel & Bullier, 1990). Our results suggest a functional role for this anatomical bridge between inferotemporal visuoperceptual areas and fronto-parietal visuomotor areas. Behavioral analyses have s...

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...he macaque has visual functions (Yaginuma, Osawa, Yamaguchi, & Iwai, 1993; Desimone & Ungerleider, 1986), and it receives convergent input from areas of both the dorsal and the ventral visual stream (=-=Distler, Boussaoud, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1993-=-; Baizer, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1991; Morel & Bullier, 1990). Our results suggest a functional role for this anatomical bridge between inferotemporal visuoperceptual areas and fronto-parietal visuo...

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...92, 24) has been implicated, in humans, in the perception of kinetic boundaries (Dupont et al., 1997; Van Oostende, Sunaert, Van Hecke, Marchal, & Orban, 1997) (34, 88, 0)1 and of biological motion (=-=Grezes, Costes, & Decety, 1999-=-) (24, 84, 28). Our results confirm that the visual cortex can show sustained responses even in the absence of visual stimulation. Furthermore, such contextual modulation can be observed not only dur...

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...t contradict our previous suggestions on the involvement of the ventral prefrontal cortex in establishing the appropriate association between a particular sensory cue and an arbitrary motor response (=-=Passingham, Toni, & Rushworth, 2000-=-; Passingham & Toni, 2001; Toni & Passingham, 1999; Toni, Rushworth, & Passingham, 2001). Figure 6C not only confirms the involvement of a caudal portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the control o...

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...ere consistent with those observed in each single subject (Table 1). The activations elicited around the calcarine fissure fall within a variability map of Brodmann’s area (BA) 17 in the human brain (=-=Amunts, Malikovic, Mohlberg, Schormann, & Zilles, 2000-=-). Sustained activity occurring during the DP between the IC and the TC (Figure 3C–D; Table 2) was found in the extrastriate, parietal, and premotor cortices. The DP evoked responses in the superior o...

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.... Behavioral analyses have shown subtle perceptual effects on motor output in normals (Jackson & Shaw, 2000). These effects become particularly evident after lesions of the posterior parietal region (=-=Jeannerod, Decety, & Michel, 1994-=-) and in the absence of on-line access to the target of the action (Fischer, 2001; Gentilucci, Chieffi, Departi, Saetti, & Toni, 1996). Here we have shown a possible functional–anatomical basis for th...

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... over a distributed cerebral network. Brain imaging is well suited to address the spatially distributed nature of visuomotor transformations (Krams, Rushworth, Deiber, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 1998; =-=Deiber, Ibanez, Sadato, & Hallett, 1996-=-; Stephan et al., 1995; Kawashima, Roland, & O’Sullivan, 1994). However, previous studies on motor preparation and movement representation have usually relied on the assumption of pure insertion of co...

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... 1999; Watanabe et al., 1998; Fuster, 1990). More specifically, the occipital area involved in the current study (30, 92, 24) has been implicated, in humans, in the perception of kinetic boundaries (=-=Dupont et al., 1997-=-; Van Oostende, Sunaert, Van Hecke, Marchal, & Orban, 1997) (34, 88, 0)1 and of biological motion (Grezes, Costes, & Decety, 1999) (24, 84, 28). Our results confirm that the visual cortex can show s...

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...rleider, 1986), and it receives convergent input from areas of both the dorsal and the ventral visual stream (Distler, Boussaoud, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1993; Baizer, Ungerleider, & Desimone, 1991; =-=Morel & Bullier, 1990-=-). Our results suggest a functional role for this anatomical bridge between inferotemporal visuoperceptual areas and fronto-parietal visuomotor areas. Behavioral analyses have shown subtle perceptual ...

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...ication of wholebrain, event-related fMRI that has proved effective in dissociating between transient responses time-locked to sensory or motor events in the context of a visuomotor associative task (=-=Toni, Schluter, Josephs, Friston, & Passingham, 1999-=-). We focus on the neural correlates of ‘‘specific preparatory activity’’ in humans during such a task, in order to gain insights into the functional anatomy of movement representations. Preparatory a...

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...found in occipital visual areas (Table 2). However, a series of neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies have reported attentional (or contextual) modulation of activity in primary visual areas (=-=Gilbert, Ito, Kapadia, & Westheimer, 2000-=-; Kastner, Pinsk, De Weerd, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1999; Kosslyn et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 1998; Fuster, 1990). More specifically, the occipital area involved in the current study (30, 92, 24)...

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...d attentional (or contextual) modulation of activity in primary visual areas (Gilbert, Ito, Kapadia, & Westheimer, 2000; Kastner, Pinsk, De Weerd, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1999; Kosslyn et al., 1999; =-=Watanabe et al., 1998-=-; Fuster, 1990). More specifically, the occipital area involved in the current study (30, 92, 24) has been implicated, in humans, in the perception of kinetic boundaries (Dupont et al., 1997; Van Oos...

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...ely to rely on integrative and dynamic processes occurring over a distributed cerebral network. Brain imaging is well suited to address the spatially distributed nature of visuomotor transformations (=-=Krams, Rushworth, Deiber, Frackowiak, & Passingham, 1998-=-; Deiber, Ibanez, Sadato, & Hallett, 1996; Stephan et al., 1995; Kawashima, Roland, & O’Sullivan, 1994). However, previous studies on motor preparation and movement representation have usually relied ...

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...xtual) modulation of activity in primary visual areas (Gilbert, Ito, Kapadia, & Westheimer, 2000; Kastner, Pinsk, De Weerd, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1999; Kosslyn et al., 1999; Watanabe et al., 1998; =-=Fuster, 1990-=-). More specifically, the occipital area involved in the current study (30, 92, 24) has been implicated, in humans, in the perception of kinetic boundaries (Dupont et al., 1997; Van Oostende, Sunaert...

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...plies that preparing to move does not affect the selection and execution stages of the sensorimotor transformation. This assumption has been shown to be invalid, at the level of both the single unit (=-=Crammond & Kalaska, 2000-=-) and the neuronal population (Zarahn, Aguirre, & D’Esposito, 1999). Other imaging studies have directly assessed delay-related activity, but with constant 1University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 2I...

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...sent study confirms and extends our previous findings regarding the involvement of ventral visual areas in the performance of visuomotor associative tasks (Toni & Passingham, 1999; Toni et al., 1999; =-=Toni, Ramnani, Josephs, Ashburner, & Passingham, 2001-=-). Neurovascular activity associated with the presentation of the visual IC was not limited to striate and peristriate areas (Table 1, Figure 3A–B), but it extended towards the occipito-temporal sulcu...

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...95). Temporo-Prefrontal Interactions The present study confirms and extends our previous findings regarding the involvement of ventral visual areas in the performance of visuomotor associative tasks (=-=Toni & Passingham, 1999-=-; Toni et al., 1999; Toni, Ramnani, Josephs, Ashburner, & Passingham, 2001). Neurovascular activity associated with the presentation of the visual IC was not limited to striate and peristriate areas (...

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...am, 1999; Toni, Rushworth, & Passingham, 2001). Figure 6C not only confirms the involvement of a caudal portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the control of finger movements (Ehrsson et al., 2000; =-=Ehrsson, Fagergren, & Forssberg, 2001-=-; Iacoboni et al., 1999; Krams et al., 1998), but it also reveals that IC-related responses are not completely absent in this region. On the basis of a related study (Toni, Ramnani, et al., 2001), it ...

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...es cannot distinguish between the expectation of a sensory event and the preparation of a movement on the basis of the neurons’ discriminatory abilities for stimuli or responses (Snyder et al., 1997; =-=Kalaska & Crammond, 1995-=-). However, the subthreshold TC-related activities found at the parietal and occipito-temporal sites suggest that the sustained activity of these regions are not primarily related to a sensory event l...

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...ntrast, the implementation of the executive motor commands can occur only after the trigger presentation. Accordingly, the goal of the movement is likely to be held during the DP (Moody & Wise, 2000; =-=Bastian, Riehle, Erlhagen, & Schoner, 1998-=-; Requin, Brener, & Ring, 1991). Therefore, specific preparatory activity (i.e., dissociable from transient stimulus-locked responses and robust to the assumption of pure insertion of cognitive proces...

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...ex in establishing the appropriate association between a particular sensory cue and an arbitrary motor response (Passingham, Toni, & Rushworth, 2000; Passingham & Toni, 2001; Toni & Passingham, 1999; =-=Toni, Rushworth, & Passingham, 2001-=-). Figure 6C not only confirms the involvement of a caudal portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the control of finger movements (Ehrsson et al., 2000; Ehrsson, Fagergren, & Forssberg, 2001; Iacobo...

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...motor commands can occur only after the trigger presentation. Accordingly, the goal of the movement is likely to be held during the DP (Moody & Wise, 2000; Bastian, Riehle, Erlhagen, & Schoner, 1998; =-=Requin, Brener, & Ring, 1991-=-). Therefore, specific preparatory activity (i.e., dissociable from transient stimulus-locked responses and robust to the assumption of pure insertion of cognitive processes) is not related to the ena...

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...omy of movement representations in the context of an associative visuomotor task with instructed delays. This class of visuomotor transformations is not constrained in spatial or temporal frameworks (=-=Wise & Murray, 2000-=-). Therefore, this particular category of stimulus– response relationships is likely to rely on integrative and dynamic processes occurring over a distributed cerebral network. Brain imaging is well s...

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...role for this anatomical bridge between inferotemporal visuoperceptual areas and fronto-parietal visuomotor areas. Behavioral analyses have shown subtle perceptual effects on motor output in normals (=-=Jackson & Shaw, 2000-=-). These effects become particularly evident after lesions of the posterior parietal region (Jeannerod, Decety, & Michel, 1994) and in the absence of on-line access to the target of the action (Fische...

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...nsory information for prospective behavior (‘‘working memory’’; Fuster, 1997; Baddeley, 1992) and motor preparation are usually seen as complementary, rather than functionally overlapping, processes (=-=Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001-=-; Quintana & Fuster, 1999; Goldman-Rakic, 1998; Rushworth, Nixon, Eacott, & Passingham, 1997). The absence of effects of delay on the mean RT (Figure 2B) suggests that the motor preparation process wa...

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... on the involvement of the ventral prefrontal cortex in establishing the appropriate association between a particular sensory cue and an arbitrary motor response (Passingham, Toni, & Rushworth, 2000; =-=Passingham & Toni, 2001-=-; Toni & Passingham, 1999; Toni, Rushworth, & Passingham, 2001). Figure 6C not only confirms the involvement of a caudal portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the control of finger movements (Ehrss...

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...d motor preparation are usually seen as complementary, rather than functionally overlapping, processes (Constantinidis, Franowicz, & Goldman-Rakic, 2001; Quintana & Fuster, 1999; Goldman-Rakic, 1998; =-=Rushworth, Nixon, Eacott, & Passingham, 1997-=-). The absence of effects of delay on the mean RT (Figure 2B) suggests that the motor preparation process was homogenous across the whole range of DPs. It might be argued that such delay-independent p...

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...processes with other cognitive phenomena. For instance, motor planning might dominate premotor signals, while encoding potential targets of movement might be the main drive behind parietal responses (=-=Toni, Thoenissen, & Zilles, 2002-=-; Kalaska & Crammond, 1995). Temporo-Prefrontal Interactions The present study confirms and extends our previous findings regarding the involvement of ventral visual areas in the performance of visuom...

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... 2001; Toni & Passingham, 1999; Toni, Rushworth, & Passingham, 2001). Figure 6C not only confirms the involvement of a caudal portion of the inferior frontal gyrus in the control of finger movements (=-=Ehrsson et al., 2000-=-; Ehrsson, Fagergren, & Forssberg, 2001; Iacoboni et al., 1999; Krams et al., 1998), but it also reveals that IC-related responses are not completely absent in this region. On the basis of a related s...

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...exor digitorum superficialis of the right forearm (band-pass filter 1–200 Hz, notch filter 50 Hz). Eye position was recorded (60 Hz) with an infrared video-oculographic system (http://www.a-s-l.com/; =-=Gitelman, Parrish, LaBar, & Mesulam, 2000-=-). In order to collect meaningful EMG data, the MR gradients were turned off during the EMG measurements. Task The subjects were trained to perform a visuomotor conditional task with instructed delays...

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...s of comparable spatial extent (cortical mantle), but penalizing structures 780 Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Volume 14, Number 5 with a different spatial organization (basal ganglia, cerebellum; =-=Hopfinger, Buchel, Holmes, & Friston, 2000-=-). One hundred and twenty-eight trials were analyzed for each subject. The EHRs to each of the 3 behavioral components of the task (IC, DP, TC) were modeled independently in the same model with differ...

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...tor response can be partitioned into temporally distinct components, since the subject needs to be ready to respond at any time but the timing of the response cannot be predicted (Moody & Wise, 2000; =-=Klemmer, 1957-=-). Under these circumstances, selection of the appropriate movement is likely to occur at the presentation of the IC. In contrast, the implementation of the executive motor commands can occur only aft...

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..., & O’Sullivan, 1994). However, previous studies on motor preparation and movement representation have usually relied on the assumption of pure insertion of cognitive processes (Friston et al., 1996; =-=Steinberg, 1969-=-). In the present context, this assumption implies that preparing to move does not affect the selection and execution stages of the sensorimotor transformation. This assumption has been shown to be in...

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...or response. These results raise the possibility that preparing an action involves multiple cerebral representations, centered not only on parietofrontal circuitry (Snyder, Batista, & Andersen, 1997; =-=Riehle, Kornblum, & Requin, 1994-=-), but also in ventral occipito-temporal regions. In the following sections, we discuss the behavioral and neural correlates of preparatory activity isolated in this experiment, and their relationship...

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...ifferent spectral distribution. Under these conditions, transient stimulusdriven attentional capture is likely to dominate over goal-directed sustained attention, in particular, over posterior areas (=-=Schubo, Meinecke, & Schroger, 2001-=-; Egeth & Yantis, 1997). Finally, motor preparatory activity might have been affected by overt movements. Subjects’ responses required the displacement of a button press, and the task was performed in...

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.... However, we have previously shown that holding in memory sensory items (the visual ICs) induces a delay-dependent performance, whereas preparing to move is independent from the length of the delay (=-=Toni, Thoenissen, Zilles, & Niedeggen, 2001-=-). While the generality of those results needs to be assessed, they suffice to infer that, under the present circumstances, the responses measured during the DP are likely to reflect motor preparatory...

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..., 2000). These effects become particularly evident after lesions of the posterior parietal region (Jeannerod, Decety, & Michel, 1994) and in the absence of on-line access to the target of the action (=-=Fischer, 2001-=-; Gentilucci, Chieffi, Departi, Saetti, & Toni, 1996). Here we have shown a possible functional–anatomical basis for the integration of perceptual and executive processes in the context of delayed per...

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... the STS (Table 1, Figures 4A, 5A). This latter region also showed sustained activity during motor preparation. Anatomically, much of the cortex in the caudal STS of the macaque has visual functions (=-=Yaginuma, Osawa, Yamaguchi, & Iwai, 1993-=-; Desimone & Ungerleider, 1986), and it receives convergent input from areas of both the dorsal and the ventral visual stream (Distler, Boussaoud, Desimone, & Ungerleider, 1993; Baizer, Ungerleider, &...

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...a stimulus into a motor response can be partitioned into temporally distinct components, since the subject needs to be ready to respond at any time but the timing of the response cannot be predicted (=-=Moody & Wise, 2000-=-; Klemmer, 1957). Under these circumstances, selection of the appropriate movement is likely to occur at the presentation of the IC. In contrast, the implementation of the executive motor commands can...