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...or a division of a firm for the case of multi-product firms) is included 3 This notion is similar to that of organizational fields known from the field of sociological institutionalism (Powell, 1991; =-=DiMaggio and Powell, 1983-=-). 4sThe Shaping Of Inter-Organisational Information Systems: Main Design Considerations ... or excluded (although this unit will be revealed only in the course of empirical investigations as generall...

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...is indicated by a cross. In some cases, theories address interactions between levels as well as within levels. Table 2: Association Of Potential Theories With Levels Of Analysis Structuration theory (=-=Giddens, 1984-=-) Network theory (Hakansson, 1987; Hakansson and Johanson, 1993; Johanson and Mattson, 1987; Nassimbeni, 1998) Industry clusters, market power (Porter, 1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional the...

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...uding unilateral approaches. For example, powerful firms that are unilaterally imposing EDI standards on their business partners trigger a certain form of collective action, namely one based on fiat (=-=Olson, 1965-=-). That such behaviour represents a form of collective action is illustrated by the possibility that business partners collectively reject such demands as frequently happens even in cases in which sup...

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... et al., 2003) National/regional culture (Gallivan and Depledge, 2003; Gibbs et al., 2003) Geographical setting Demographics (Gibbs et al., 2003) Major industries (Gibbs et al., 2003) Social capital (=-=Fukuyama, 1995-=-) Industry segment value system (network) Network structure (fragmentation/ concentration on each value stage; modes of vertical and horizontal collaboration on each stage; existence and number of gro...

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...aggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational environments, “matrix organisations”, “organisational federations” (Emery and Trist, 1965; Trist, 1983; D’Aunno and Zuckerman, 1987) Resource dependency theory (=-=Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978-=-) Remote environment Negotiated order theory (Strauss, 1978) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 2000 and 1987) X ISVS Industry segment X X X X X X X Contingency theory (Giaglis et al., 2002) X X X...

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...lved in the value system (Kubicek, 1992) Types of data to be exchanged/shared (Fleisch and Österle, Geographical extent (local, regional, global) (Riemer et al., 2001) Existence of regional clusters (=-=Porter, 1998-=-) 2000) Industry Age (development stage) of industry segment EDI standards segment (focal unit) Industry culture Value proposition/form/dominant design (van der Vorst et al., 2002; Holland et al., 199...

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...nd Trist, 1965; Trist, 1983; D’Aunno and Zuckerman, 1987) Resource dependency theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) Remote environment Negotiated order theory (Strauss, 1978) X Transaction cost theory (=-=Williamson, 2000-=- and 1987) X ISVS Industry segment X X X X X X X Contingency theory (Giaglis et al., 2002) X X X Industry life cycle theory (Klepperer and Graddy, 1990; Agarwal and Gort, 1998) Social capital theory (...

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... market power (Porter, 1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational environments, “matrix organisations”, “organisational federations” (=-=Emery and Trist, 1965-=-; Trist, 1983; D’Aunno and Zuckerman, 1987) Resource dependency theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) Remote environment Negotiated order theory (Strauss, 1978) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 20...

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...e cases, theories address interactions between levels as well as within levels. Table 2: Association Of Potential Theories With Levels Of Analysis Structuration theory (Giddens, 1984) Network theory (=-=Hakansson, 1987-=-; Hakansson and Johanson, 1993; Johanson and Mattson, 1987; Nassimbeni, 1998) Industry clusters, market power (Porter, 1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and P...

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...levels as well as within levels. Table 2: Association Of Potential Theories With Levels Of Analysis Structuration theory (Giddens, 1984) Network theory (Hakansson, 1987; Hakansson and Johanson, 1993; =-=Johanson and Mattson, 1987-=-; Nassimbeni, 1998) Industry clusters, market power (Porter, 1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational environments, “matrix organisa...

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...ction processes (Holland et al., 1992) Network cardinality (Fleisch and Österle, 2000) Degree of trust/social capital along transaction relationships (Allen et al., 2000; Gallivan and Depledge, 2003; =-=Putnam, 1993-=-) Degree of automation of inter-firm transactions (Fleisch and Österle, Coordination mechanisms (push/pull system etc.) (Fisher, 2000; van der Vorst et 1997) al., 2002) Variability of the degree of IT...

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...ether a firm (or a division of a firm for the case of multi-product firms) is included 3 This notion is similar to that of organizational fields known from the field of sociological institutionalism (=-=Powell, 1991-=-; DiMaggio and Powell, 1983). 4sThe Shaping Of Inter-Organisational Information Systems: Main Design Considerations ... or excluded (although this unit will be revealed only in the course of empirical...

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...ms: Main Design Considerations ... Finally, the choice of our unit of analysis requires a case study method as it will become visible only in the course of data collection (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; =-=Porter, 1999-=-). Since the purpose of this paper is to describe and justify design choices for a future international study, we feel it is inappropriate to put forward specific research propositions at this early s...

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...1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational environments, “matrix organisations”, “organisational federations” (Emery and Trist, 1965; =-=Trist, 1983-=-; D’Aunno and Zuckerman, 1987) Resource dependency theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) Remote environment Negotiated order theory (Strauss, 1978) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 2000 and 1987) ...

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...s shall be considered, namely those by Damsgaard and Lyytinen, Johnston and Gregor, and Oliver Williamson. With regard to EDI diffusion patterns, Damsgaard and Lyytinen (Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1998, =-=Lyytinen and Damsgaard, 1998-=-) distinguish between three levels of analysis which are called micro, meso, and macro. On the micro level, an individual organisation’s EDI adoption decision is considered within the tradition of the...

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...f inter-organisational information systems since, for example, technical characteristics of such systems and “environmental” factors such as industry structure may interact in both causal directions (=-=Johnston and Gregor, 2000-=-). From the point of view of statistical analysis, mediating variables become a huge problem too. In order to reduce the resulting level of complexity for theoretical and empirical analysis, we have b...

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...oes not seem to be a doable task. Yin (1994) recommends the case study method in such cases. In addition, mutually causal relationships between variables are only accessible via the process approach (=-=Kurnia and Johnston, 2000-=-) which requires the case study method (Markus and Robey, 1988). X 12sThe Shaping Of Inter-Organisational Information Systems: Main Design Considerations ... Finally, the choice of our unit of analysi...

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...ns”, “organisational federations” (Emery and Trist, 1965; Trist, 1983; D’Aunno and Zuckerman, 1987) Resource dependency theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) Remote environment Negotiated order theory (=-=Strauss, 1978-=-) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 2000 and 1987) X ISVS Industry segment X X X X X X X Contingency theory (Giaglis et al., 2002) X X X Industry life cycle theory (Klepperer and Graddy, 1990; Ag...

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...n systems. Three such proposals shall be considered, namely those by Damsgaard and Lyytinen, Johnston and Gregor, and Oliver Williamson. With regard to EDI diffusion patterns, Damsgaard and Lyytinen (=-=Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1998-=-, Lyytinen and Damsgaard, 1998) distinguish between three levels of analysis which are called micro, meso, and macro. On the micro level, an individual organisation’s EDI adoption decision is consider...

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...(Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) Remote environment Negotiated order theory (Strauss, 1978) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 2000 and 1987) X ISVS Industry segment X X X X X X X Contingency theory (=-=Giaglis et al., 2002-=-) X X X Industry life cycle theory (Klepperer and Graddy, 1990; Agarwal and Gort, 1998) Social capital theory (Kumar et al., 1998) X 4 Method The primary method of our project will consist of rich cas...

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...and number of groups (Gomes-Casseres, 1994)) Degree of standardization of transaction processes IT/Telco infrastructure (Johnston and Mak, 2000; Gibbs et al., 2003) VANs/IOIS facilitators (national) (=-=Cash, 1985-=-) IT standards (embedded in software/hardware) EDI standards (national/intern.) VANs/IOIS facilitators (industry) (Cash, 1985; Wise and Morrison, 2000) EDI standards (syntactic, 10sLevels of analysis/...

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...l sub-system Variables describing the technical sub-system (Kumar and van Dissel, 1996) semantic, pragmatic) Degree of business process alignment between market participants (Hempel and Kwong, 2001) (=-=Kubicek, 1992-=-) and EDI software Types and frequencies of transaction processes (Holland et al., 1992) Network cardinality (Fleisch and Österle, 2000) Degree of trust/social capital along transaction relationships ...

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... address interactions between levels as well as within levels. Table 2: Association Of Potential Theories With Levels Of Analysis Structuration theory (Giddens, 1984) Network theory (Hakansson, 1987; =-=Hakansson and Johanson, 1993-=-; Johanson and Mattson, 1987; Nassimbeni, 1998) Industry clusters, market power (Porter, 1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational en...

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...els. Table 2: Association Of Potential Theories With Levels Of Analysis Structuration theory (Giddens, 1984) Network theory (Hakansson, 1987; Hakansson and Johanson, 1993; Johanson and Mattson, 1987; =-=Nassimbeni, 1998-=-) Industry clusters, market power (Porter, 1990; Porter and Rivkin, 2000) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational environments, “matrix organisations”, “organisat...

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...ed order theory (Strauss, 1978) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 2000 and 1987) X ISVS Industry segment X X X X X X X Contingency theory (Giaglis et al., 2002) X X X Industry life cycle theory (=-=Klepperer and Graddy, 1990-=-; Agarwal and Gort, 1998) Social capital theory (Kumar et al., 1998) X 4 Method The primary method of our project will consist of rich case studies on the ISVS-level. The reason for this choice is the...

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...Hsiao, 2001; Tigre, 2003; Palacios, 2003; Brousseau, 2003; Gibbs, 2003, Andersen, 2003a and 2003b; Henriksen, 2000; Teo et al., 2003; Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1996 and 1998; Thatcher and Foster, 2003; =-=Christiaanse and Huigen, 1997-=-) 2 Thus, it would be desirable to better understand in detail the relationships between institutional traits of inter-organisational information systems on the one hand and specific types of systems ...

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...78) X Transaction cost theory (Williamson, 2000 and 1987) X ISVS Industry segment X X X X X X X Contingency theory (Giaglis et al., 2002) X X X Industry life cycle theory (Klepperer and Graddy, 1990; =-=Agarwal and Gort, 1998-=-) Social capital theory (Kumar et al., 1998) X 4 Method The primary method of our project will consist of rich case studies on the ISVS-level. The reason for this choice is the complex set of possible...

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..., 1996) semantic, pragmatic) Degree of business process alignment between market participants (Hempel and Kwong, 2001) (Kubicek, 1992) and EDI software Types and frequencies of transaction processes (=-=Holland et al., 1992-=-) Network cardinality (Fleisch and Österle, 2000) Degree of trust/social capital along transaction relationships (Allen et al., 2000; Gallivan and Depledge, 2003; Putnam, 1993) Degree of automation of...

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...e environment level) or within an ISVS. However, EDI standards developed by governments may fail to be adopted indicating that a certain minimum collective effort on the ISVS-level is still required (=-=Andersen et al., 2003-=-a and 2003b). Thus, collective action on the remote environment level cannot completely substitute for collective action on the ISVS-level (but it may well trigger collective action on that level). Re...

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...tional factors have a major influence on the IOIS diffusion path (Hsiao, 2001; Tigre, 2003; Palacios, 2003; Brousseau, 2003; Gibbs, 2003, Andersen, 2003a and 2003b; Henriksen, 2000; Teo et al., 2003; =-=Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1996-=- and 1998; Thatcher and Foster, 2003; Christiaanse and Huigen, 1997) 2 Thus, it would be desirable to better understand in detail the relationships between institutional traits of inter-organisational...

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...ructure Of Variables To Be Included In Our Study Levels of analysis/ collective action Variables describing the social sub-system Variables describing the technical sub-system Remote Regulation/laws (=-=Gregor and Jones, 1999-=-; Gibbs et al., 2003) Fiscal conditions (Gregor and Jones, 1999; Gibbs et al., 2003) International competitive pressure (Gibbs et al., 2003) National/regional culture (Gallivan and Depledge, 2003; Gib...

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...influence on the type of IOIS being developed (Mansell, 2003; Easton and Araujo, 2003; Wong, 2003) • Institutional factors have a major influence on the IOIS diffusion path (Hsiao, 2001; Tigre, 2003; =-=Palacios, 2003-=-; Brousseau, 2003; Gibbs, 2003, Andersen, 2003a and 2003b; Henriksen, 2000; Teo et al., 2003; Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1996 and 1998; Thatcher and Foster, 2003; Christiaanse and Huigen, 1997) 2 Thus, i...

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...alysis Structuration theory (Giddens, 1984) Network theory (Hakansson, 1987; Hakansson and Johanson, 1993; Johanson and Mattson, 1987; Nassimbeni, 1998) Industry clusters, market power (Porter, 1990; =-=Porter and Rivkin, 2000-=-) Institutional theory (Powell, 1991, DiMaggio and Powell, 1983) Organisational environments, “matrix organisations”, “organisational federations” (Emery and Trist, 1965; Trist, 1983; D’Aunno and Zuck...

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...ion/laws (Gregor and Jones, 1999; Gibbs et al., 2003) Fiscal conditions (Gregor and Jones, 1999; Gibbs et al., 2003) International competitive pressure (Gibbs et al., 2003) National/regional culture (=-=Gallivan and Depledge, 2003-=-; Gibbs et al., 2003) Geographical setting Demographics (Gibbs et al., 2003) Major industries (Gibbs et al., 2003) Social capital (Fukuyama, 1995) Industry segment value system (network) Network struc...

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...ustry segment value system (network) Network structure (fragmentation/ concentration on each value stage; modes of vertical and horizontal collaboration on each stage; existence and number of groups (=-=Gomes-Casseres, 1994-=-)) Degree of standardization of transaction processes IT/Telco infrastructure (Johnston and Mak, 2000; Gibbs et al., 2003) VANs/IOIS facilitators (national) (Cash, 1985) IT standards (embedded in soft...

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...llustrated by the possibility that business partners collectively reject such demands as frequently happens even in cases in which supposedly powerful firms try to unilaterally enforce EDI standards (=-=Monse and Reimers, 1995-=-). Finally, rules and standards may, to some extent, be functional substitutes across levels. For example, EDI standards could be developed by governments (in which case they would be located on the r...

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...product market. 3 However, collaborative interaction is possible within an industry segment and, indeed, a very common feature of innovative industries characterized by intensive product competition (=-=Porter, 1990-=-). Starting from that focal unit, the second step then consists of identifying all organisations that have direct transaction relationships with one or more firms in that industry segment, i.e. we con...

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... type of IOIS being developed (Mansell, 2003; Easton and Araujo, 2003; Wong, 2003) • Institutional factors have a major influence on the IOIS diffusion path (Hsiao, 2001; Tigre, 2003; Palacios, 2003; =-=Brousseau, 2003-=-; Gibbs, 2003, Andersen, 2003a and 2003b; Henriksen, 2000; Teo et al., 2003; Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1996 and 1998; Thatcher and Foster, 2003; Christiaanse and Huigen, 1997) 2 Thus, it would be desira...

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...nal factors have a strong influence on the type of IOIS being developed (Mansell, 2003; Easton and Araujo, 2003; Wong, 2003) • Institutional factors have a major influence on the IOIS diffusion path (=-=Hsiao, 2001-=-; Tigre, 2003; Palacios, 2003; Brousseau, 2003; Gibbs, 2003, Andersen, 2003a and 2003b; Henriksen, 2000; Teo et al., 2003; Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1996 and 1998; Thatcher and Foster, 2003; Christiaans...

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...ave a strong influence on the type of IOIS being developed (Mansell, 2003; Easton and Araujo, 2003; Wong, 2003) • Institutional factors have a major influence on the IOIS diffusion path (Hsiao, 2001; =-=Tigre, 2003-=-; Palacios, 2003; Brousseau, 2003; Gibbs, 2003, Andersen, 2003a and 2003b; Henriksen, 2000; Teo et al., 2003; Damsgaard and Lyytinen, 1996 and 1998; Thatcher and Foster, 2003; Christiaanse and Huigen,...