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...o achieve moresaccurate fire scenes, many physics based fire models are proposed. Rushemeier et al.s[4] described the visualization method for fire by using data from pool fires. In 1995,sStam et al. =-=[5]-=- simulated the dynamics of fire by a finite difference scheme. Thissmethod can generate realistic motion of fire. However, the solution is not stable.sNguyen et al. [6] introduced a Navier-Stokes equa...

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...ool fires. In 1995,sStam et al. [5] simulated the dynamics of fire by a finite difference scheme. Thissmethod can generate realistic motion of fire. However, the solution is not stable.sNguyen et al. =-=[6]-=- introduced a Navier-Stokes equations based fire model. By adoptingslevel set method to track the blue core of the fire, this method can model complex fireswith realistic shapes at the cost of a large...

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...are fast and easy tosimplement, including particle systems, cellular automata, etc. Physically basedsmethods can simulate more realistic fire scenes but need more computational times. Ins1983, Reeves =-=[1]-=- adopted particle systems to simulate fire which was the first firesmodel in computer graphics. This method is simple and easy to implement. A largesamount of particles are needed to generate a realis...

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...detailedsfeatures like flame wrinkling and cellular patterns using the DSD (Detonation ShocksDynamics) framework. Explosion is the results of instant fire in a limited space,swhich was also simulated =-=[9, 10]-=- in computer graphics in recent years. Though thes112 S. Liu et al.sabove methods can simulate the dynamics and the shapes of the fire realistically, theyscan not be used to simulate the interactions ...

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...detailedsfeatures like flame wrinkling and cellular patterns using the DSD (Detonation ShocksDynamics) framework. Explosion is the results of instant fire in a limited space,swhich was also simulated =-=[9, 10]-=- in computer graphics in recent years. Though thes112 S. Liu et al.sabove methods can simulate the dynamics and the shapes of the fire realistically, theyscan not be used to simulate the interactions ...

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...ramework for modeling and animatingsfire using geometric constrains such as curves, surfaces, etc. To achieve moresaccurate fire scenes, many physics based fire models are proposed. Rushemeier et al.s=-=[4]-=- described the visualization method for fire by using data from pool fires. In 1995,sStam et al. [5] simulated the dynamics of fire by a finite difference scheme. Thissmethod can generate realistic mo...

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...h realistic shapes at the cost of a large amount of computations. Considering thesphysical and chemical theories, Ishikawa et al. [7] presented a novel method tossimulate the fire spread. Hong et al. =-=[8]-=- tried to simulate fire with more detailedsfeatures like flame wrinkling and cellular patterns using the DSD (Detonation ShocksDynamics) framework. Explosion is the results of instant fire in a limite...

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...sasso et al. [11] using a remeshingsmethod. This model doesn’t consider the burning object’s influence on the motion ofsthe fire and can not generate fine-scale decomposition structures. Melek et al. =-=[12, 13]-=-sproposed an interactive method to simulate the objects’ decomposition andsdeformation during burning. However, their method did not consider the object’ssproperty such as the calorific value and the ...

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...sasso et al. [11] using a remeshingsmethod. This model doesn’t consider the burning object’s influence on the motion ofsthe fire and can not generate fine-scale decomposition structures. Melek et al. =-=[12, 13]-=-sproposed an interactive method to simulate the objects’ decomposition andsdeformation during burning. However, their method did not consider the object’ssproperty such as the calorific value and the ...

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...r the object’ssproperty such as the calorific value and the specific heat capacity, etc. Also, theyssuppose the deformation direction of the object as the opposition to the normal. Thessimilar method =-=[14]-=- was also adopted to simulate the bending and crumpling effectssof simple objects such as matches and paper. Just recently, Liu et al. [15] proposed asnovel unified framework for simulating burning ph...

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...implescellular, Pakeshi et al. [2] used the theory of Cellular Automata to model fire. Byscombining the cellars into different patterns, this method can control the motion ofsfire easily. Wang et al. =-=[3]-=- proposed a unified framework for modeling and animatingsfire using geometric constrains such as curves, surfaces, etc. To achieve moresaccurate fire scenes, many physics based fire models are propose...

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...til now, there are only a few works for the simulation of realistic burning scenessconsidering the interactions between fire and the objects.sBurning solids into gases was simulated by Losasso et al. =-=[11]-=- using a remeshingsmethod. This model doesn’t consider the burning object’s influence on the motion ofsthe fire and can not generate fine-scale decomposition structures. Melek et al. [12, 13]sproposed...

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...e object as the opposition to the normal. Thessimilar method [14] was also adopted to simulate the bending and crumpling effectssof simple objects such as matches and paper. Just recently, Liu et al. =-=[15]-=- proposed asnovel unified framework for simulating burning phenomena of thin-shell objects suchsas paper, cloth, etc. However, this method is difficult to be extended for thessimulation of solid objec...

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...largesamount of particles are needed to generate a realistic scene and the motion of fire issalso hard to control by this method. Supposing that fire consisted of some simplescellular, Pakeshi et al. =-=[2]-=- used the theory of Cellular Automata to model fire. Byscombining the cellars into different patterns, this method can control the motion ofsfire easily. Wang et al. [3] proposed a unified framework f...

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...rack the blue core of the fire, this method can model complex fireswith realistic shapes at the cost of a large amount of computations. Considering thesphysical and chemical theories, Ishikawa et al. =-=[7]-=- presented a novel method tossimulate the fire spread. Hong et al. [8] tried to simulate fire with more detailedsfeatures like flame wrinkling and cellular patterns using the DSD (Detonation ShocksDyn...

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...d negative when x +∈ΩG , x ∈∂ΩGsand x −∈ΩG ,srespectively. Until now, there are some methods to calculate the signed distance fieldsin 3D space [19-24]. Here, we introduce the method of pseudo normal =-=[25]-=-, which cansPhysically Based Simulation of Solid Objects’ Burning 115sdesign the signed distance field from the triangle meshes. The interface issdynamically evolved in space and time according to the...