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...ice versa. Matching Law Analysis Animal welfare research normally used a simple binomial analysis of preference data. Other analyses such as the matching law (from operant psychology) are applicable (=-=Davison & McCarthy, 1988-=-; Matthews & Temple, 1979). The matching law offers the ability to quantify separately position bias and preference. This could eliminate the effect of bias in reducing test sensitivity and allow for ...

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...sed, and generates sensitive within-subject comparisons of a number of alternatives. Preference has been used successfully with a wide range of species—including fish (Giattina & Garton, 1983), cows (=-=Matthews & Temple, 1979-=-), and mice (Banjanin & Mrosovsky, 2000). Preference tests, however, are not without their difficulties. The apparent simplicity of preference as a measure relevant to animal welfare is compromised by...

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...that these same variables can be used to enrich the caging of rats in the laboratory and substantially improve their welfare: (a) social contact (R. N. Hughes, 1969; Johnson, DeSisto, & Koenig, 1972; =-=Morgan & Einon, 1975-=-; Perez et al., 1997), (b) more complex environments (Anzaldo, Harrison, Riskowski, Maghirangi, & Gonyou, 1994; JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE, 5(1), 63–72 Copyright © 2002, Lawrence Erlbau...

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... press). Observations of free-living rats (Rattus norvegicus) have indicated that they typically form large colonies in areas in which there is plentiful ground cover and they create complex burrows (=-=Boice, 1977-=-). Considerable research has demonstrated that these same variables can be used to enrich the caging of rats in the laboratory and substantially improve their welfare: (a) social contact (R. N. Hughes...

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...subject comparisons of a number of alternatives. Preference has been used successfully with a wide range of species—including fish (Giattina & Garton, 1983), cows (Matthews & Temple, 1979), and mice (=-=Banjanin & Mrosovsky, 2000-=-). Preference tests, however, are not without their difficulties. The apparent simplicity of preference as a measure relevant to animal welfare is compromised by the shortcomings of particular methods...

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...presumably because of the risk of predation, avoid open areas (Rose, 1990; Stricklin, 1995). Existing research has suggested that the effects of factors such as environmental complexity and security (=-=Blom, 1993-=-) and social contact (Lawlor, 1990) are strong enough to obscure any responses by rats to concurrent differences in cage size. However, no experiment actually has measured rats’ responses to increases...

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... preferences for various objects, shelters, nesting material, and other variables with relevance to their welfare (Blom, van Tintelen, van Vorstenbosch, Baumans, & Beyen, 1996; Chmeil & Noonan, 1996; =-=Manser et al., 1998-=-a, 1998b; Patterson-Kane et al., 2001; Townsend, 1997). However, dwelling time tests are difficult to use in some circumstances. For example, dwelling time could not be used to compare rats’ demand fo...

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...Sanders, 1989; Beilharz, 1994) or because rats in the wild generally occupy restricted spaces under cover or in burrows and, presumably because of the risk of predation, avoid open areas (Rose, 1990; =-=Stricklin, 1995-=-). Existing research has suggested that the effects of factors such as environmental complexity and security (Blom, 1993) and social contact (Lawlor, 1990) are strong enough to obscure any responses b...

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...r reprints should be sent to Emily G Patterson-Kane, Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. E-mail: Rattitude2@hotmail.com =-=Bradshaw & Poling, 1991-=-; Denny, 1975), and (c) shelters (Manser, Broom, Overend, & Morris,1998a, 1998b; Patterson-Kane, Harper, & Hunt, 2001). Little attention has been paid, however, to the small amount of space a laborato...

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...is allows the subjects to be reused, and generates sensitive within-subject comparisons of a number of alternatives. Preference has been used successfully with a wide range of species—including fish (=-=Giattina & Garton, 1983-=-), cows (Matthews & Temple, 1979), and mice (Banjanin & Mrosovsky, 2000). Preference tests, however, are not without their difficulties. The apparent simplicity of preference as a measure relevant to ...

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...apped in the chosen cages for a period of time. For animals such as hens who can see the differing sizes of the available environments before entering, dwelling times of many hours can be used (B. D. =-=Hughes, 1975-=-; Lindberg & Nicol, 1996). However, rats, particularly albinos, may have poor eyesight (Barnett, 1976), and therefore disCAGE SIZE PREFERENCE 65 crimination of cage size may depend more on shorter dwe...

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..., 1977). Considerable research has demonstrated that these same variables can be used to enrich the caging of rats in the laboratory and substantially improve their welfare: (a) social contact (R. N. =-=Hughes, 1969-=-; Johnson, DeSisto, & Koenig, 1972; Morgan & Einon, 1975; Perez et al., 1997), (b) more complex environments (Anzaldo, Harrison, Riskowski, Maghirangi, & Gonyou, 1994; JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL WELFAR...

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...derable research has demonstrated that these same variables can be used to enrich the caging of rats in the laboratory and substantially improve their welfare: (a) social contact (R. N. Hughes, 1969; =-=Johnson, DeSisto, & Koenig, 1972-=-; Morgan & Einon, 1975; Perez et al., 1997), (b) more complex environments (Anzaldo, Harrison, Riskowski, Maghirangi, & Gonyou, 1994; JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE, 5(1), 63–72 Copyright ©...

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...hosen cages for a period of time. For animals such as hens who can see the differing sizes of the available environments before entering, dwelling times of many hours can be used (B. D. Hughes, 1975; =-=Lindberg & Nicol, 1996-=-). However, rats, particularly albinos, may have poor eyesight (Barnett, 1976), and therefore disCAGE SIZE PREFERENCE 65 crimination of cage size may depend more on shorter dwelling times and the anim...

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... preferences for various objects, shelters, nesting material, and other variables with relevance to their welfare (Blom, van Tintelen, van Vorstenbosch, Baumans, & Beyen, 1996; Chmeil & Noonan, 1996; =-=Manser et al., 1998-=-a, 1998b; Patterson-Kane et al., 2001; Townsend, 1997). However, dwelling time tests are difficult to use in some circumstances. For example, dwelling time could not be used to compare rats’ demand fo...

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...bia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. E-mail: Rattitude2@hotmail.com Bradshaw & Poling, 1991; Denny, 1975), and (c) shelters (Manser, Broom, Overend, & Morris,1998a, 1998b; =-=Patterson-Kane, Harper, & Hunt, 2001-=-). Little attention has been paid, however, to the small amount of space a laboratory rat has access to compared with a free-living animal. Some researchers consider space relatively unimportant for l...

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...rong tendency to access and patrol any area that is available regardless of its quality, presumably to gather information about food sources and escape routes that might be of future use. Thus, mice (=-=Sherwin, 1996-=-; Sherwin & Nicol, 1995, 1997) and rats (Patterson-Kane, Hunt, & Harper, in press) tend to show high demand even for small empty cages, reducing the sensitivity of the procedure. Another, more promisi...

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...ults suggest that rats should be given a somewhat larger space allowance but could share it with up to 4 other rats. Appropriate enrichment can be based on observations of wild and feral populations (=-=Brain, 1992-=-; Patterson-Kane, in press). Observations of free-living rats (Rattus norvegicus) have indicated that they typically form large colonies in areas in which there is plentiful ground cover and they crea...

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...sed with rats to assess preferences for various objects, shelters, nesting material, and other variables with relevance to their welfare (Blom, van Tintelen, van Vorstenbosch, Baumans, & Beyen, 1996; =-=Chmeil & Noonan, 1996-=-; Manser et al., 1998a, 1998b; Patterson-Kane et al., 2001; Townsend, 1997). However, dwelling time tests are difficult to use in some circumstances. For example, dwelling time could not be used to co...

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...f predation, avoid open areas (Rose, 1990; Stricklin, 1995). Existing research has suggested that the effects of factors such as environmental complexity and security (Blom, 1993) and social contact (=-=Lawlor, 1990-=-) are strong enough to obscure any responses by rats to concurrent differences in cage size. However, no experiment actually has measured rats’ responses to increases in cage size. An experiment is re...

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...o access and patrol any area that is available regardless of its quality, presumably to gather information about food sources and escape routes that might be of future use. Thus, mice (Sherwin, 1996; =-=Sherwin & Nicol, 1995-=-, 1997) and rats (Patterson-Kane, Hunt, & Harper, in press) tend to show high demand even for small empty cages, reducing the sensitivity of the procedure. Another, more promising option in this case ...

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...laboratory and substantially improve their welfare: (a) social contact (R. N. Hughes, 1969; Johnson, DeSisto, & Koenig, 1972; Morgan & Einon, 1975; Perez et al., 1997), (b) more complex environments (=-=Anzaldo, Harrison, Riskowski, Maghirangi, & Gonyou, 1994-=-; JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE, 5(1), 63–72 Copyright © 2002, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Requests for reprints should be sent to Emily G Patterson-Kane, Animal Welfare Program, Uni...

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...chers consider space relatively unimportant for laboratory rats, either because they have been bred in captivity for many generations and so presumably have adapted to existing laboratory conditions (=-=Bantin & Sanders, 1989-=-; Beilharz, 1994) or because rats in the wild generally occupy restricted spaces under cover or in burrows and, presumably because of the risk of predation, avoid open areas (Rose, 1990; Stricklin, 19...

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...izes of the available environments before entering, dwelling times of many hours can be used (B. D. Hughes, 1975; Lindberg & Nicol, 1996). However, rats, particularly albinos, may have poor eyesight (=-=Barnett, 1976-=-), and therefore disCAGE SIZE PREFERENCE 65 crimination of cage size may depend more on shorter dwelling times and the animal’s spatial memory. For the same reason, trials with rats should run in bloc...

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...atively unimportant for laboratory rats, either because they have been bred in captivity for many generations and so presumably have adapted to existing laboratory conditions (Bantin & Sanders, 1989; =-=Beilharz, 1994-=-) or because rats in the wild generally occupy restricted spaces under cover or in burrows and, presumably because of the risk of predation, avoid open areas (Rose, 1990; Stricklin, 1995). Existing re...

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... to Emily G Patterson-Kane, Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4. E-mail: Rattitude2@hotmail.com Bradshaw & Poling, 1991; =-=Denny, 1975-=-), and (c) shelters (Manser, Broom, Overend, & Morris,1998a, 1998b; Patterson-Kane, Harper, & Hunt, 2001). Little attention has been paid, however, to the small amount of space a laboratory rat has ac...

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... The National Research Council (NRC), the Council of Europe and Royal Society/Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (RS/UFAW) all recommend approximately 225 cm2 of floor space for a 300 gm rat (=-=Hargreaves, 2000-=-). Prescribing floor area by weight provides a greater minimum area for adults than juveniles and males than females, whereas group enclosures generally provide about as much space as an equivalent nu...

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...s (Bantin & Sanders, 1989; Beilharz, 1994) or because rats in the wild generally occupy restricted spaces under cover or in burrows and, presumably because of the risk of predation, avoid open areas (=-=Rose, 1990-=-; Stricklin, 1995). Existing research has suggested that the effects of factors such as environmental complexity and security (Blom, 1993) and social contact (Lawlor, 1990) are strong enough to obscur...