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... 2' 5' 6' OH OH 1 ' 3' 4' 5' 6' O H 1 ' 2 ' 3 '5 ' 6 ' F 1' 2' 5' 6' OMe OMe Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 10. Octobers2011 Khalid Mohammed Khan et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4=-=(10)-=-,3402-3404 3402-3404 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone (1)13 Yield: 83%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O2 (265.09): C, 67.92; H, 4.18; N, 15.84;O, 12.06; Found: C, 67....

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...tal to the successful execution of cell division. Three Aurora kinases (Aurora-A, -B, and -C), which share sequence homology in their central catalytic kinase domains, have been identified in mammals =-=[1]-=-. All the three mammalian Aurora kinases are implicated as mitotic regulators and due to their elevated expression profiles detected in many human cancers, have generated significant interest in the c...

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... accurate diagnosis of a GUD is often not possible when based solely on history and physical examination, because of the lack of sensitivity and specificity of lesions, even in socalled classic cases =-=[6]-=-. To add to the confusion, mixed or multiple infections [7], or a concurrent infection with HIV, can mask the characteristic clinical features of GUD, thus affecting the institution of appropriate the...

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... culture techniques and PCR for GUDs.There is significant variability in morphologic presentation of GUDs making the clinical interpretation unreliable when used without confirmatory laboratory tests =-=[9]-=-. There are not many studies from the developing countries, like India, to corroborate such findings, largely due to a lack of reliable laboratory data to back such studies.This study was conceived an...

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...ransformation of cells but augments Ras-mediated transformation [27,28]. Aurora-B and -C have overlapping functions and compete each other for their substrates and other chromosome passenger proteins =-=[11]-=-. INCENP and Survivin have stronger affinity for Aurora-B than for Aurora-C [11] but interestingly Aurora-C can complement the functions of Aurora-B in mitotic cells. Although it is likely that the on...

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... expression of Aurora kinases causes abnormal centrosomes amplification and multinucleation [6,17,21]. Both Aurora-A and Aurora-B overexpression phenotypes are aggravated in the absence of active p53 =-=[6,22]-=-. An elimination of the p53-dependent checkpoint may be evoked [23] to explain centrosome amplification and multinucleation induced by Aurora-C. Moreover, overexpressed Aurora-C kinase behaves like a ...

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...o the reason that we used mouse NIH3T3 cell line. The GFP-aurC-KD did not phosphorylate Histone H3. Abnormal expression of Aurora kinases causes abnormal centrosomes amplification and multinucleation =-=[6,17,21]-=-. Both Aurora-A and Aurora-B overexpression phenotypes are aggravated in the absence of active p53 [6,22]. An elimination of the p53-dependent checkpoint may be evoked [23] to explain centrosome ampli...

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...lorless, viscous oily liquid and As the active ingredient i.e. H.Rhamniodes fruit extract contains polyphenols which are well documented to have microbicide activities against huge number of bacteria.=-=[11,12]-=-, thus it may protect the formulation components from microbial growth of those organisms which might produce such substances which are able to change the color of the formulation during the storage t...

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... the developed world, with bacterial aetiologies giving way to viral causes. Genital herpes has become the most common STD among clinic attendees [3] and the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide =-=[4]-=-. For viral GUDs, prevention and counseling are more important rather than early diagnosis and treatment, as is the case with bacterial GUDs [2]. Often, in GUDs, it is seen that more than one aetiolog...

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...d: 88%; Anal. Calcd for C15H10FN3O (267.08): C, 67.41; H, 3.77; F, 7.11; N, 15.72; O, 5.99; Found: C, 67.42; H, 3.77; N, 15.74. 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(11)-=- 13sYield: 78%; Anal. Calcd for C15H10FN3O (267.08): C, 67.41; H, 3.77; F, 7.11; N, 15.72; O, 5.99; Found: C, 67.43; H, 3.75; N, 15.74. 2-Florobenzaldehyde-N-(4,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3...

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...nt rather than early diagnosis and treatment, as is the case with bacterial GUDs [2]. Often, in GUDs, it is seen that more than one aetiological agent may be found, if careful evaluation is conducted =-=[5]-=-. An accurate diagnosis of a GUD is often not possible when based solely on history and physical examination, because of the lack of sensitivity and specificity of lesions, even in socalled classic ca...

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...human cancers, have generated significant interest in the cancer research field. Aurora-C is predominantly expressed in the testis [2,3] and is mainly restricted to meiotically dividing spermatocytes =-=[4]-=- and mouse oocytes [5]. Aurora-C is also associated with inner centromere protein (INCENP) in male spermatocytes. Moreover, it is reported that * Correspondence: sanaullahkust@gmail.com 3 Department o...

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...ne H3 [7]. Overexpression of Aurora-C in cancerous tissues and cell lines also raises questions about its potential role in carcinogenesis and its effect on the proliferative capacity of tumour cells =-=[8,9]-=-. The expression levels of Aurora-C, Aurora-B and Aurora-B splice variants are commonly altered in tumour cell lines and tissues [10-13]. These alterations in expression have been associated with © 20...

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...d: 98%; Anal. Calcd for C19H11Cl2N3O (367.03): C, 61.98; H, 3.01; Cl, 19.26; N, 11.41; O, 4.35; Found: C, 61.96; H, 3.02; N, 11.42. 2-Naphthaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(4)-=- 13 Yield: 86%; Anal. Calcd for C19H13N3O (299.11): C, 76.24; H, 4.38; N, 14.04; O, 5.35; Found: C, 76.24; H, 4.39; N, 14.03. 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone (5...

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...esearch Vol.4.Issue 10. Octobers2011 Khalid Mohammed Khan et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(10),3402-3404 3402-3404 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(1)-=-13 Yield: 83%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O2 (265.09): C, 67.92; H, 4.18; N, 15.84;O, 12.06; Found: C, 67.91; H, 4.19; N, 15.84. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1 ,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-y l idene) hydrazon...

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...ongs to family Elaeagnaceae. [6] Hippophae rhamnoides juice is an important source of some valuable chemicals such as vitamin C, tocopherolmacrotrients, organic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. =-=[7]-=- Hippophae rhamnoides has been used for the treatment of radiation damage, inflammation, burns, eczema, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus and dermatosus. [8, 9] The shelf life is the time period for whic...

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...nduction of centrosome amplification, however, the oncogenic transformation requires kinase activity. Aurora-B by itself cannot induce transformation of cells but augments Ras-mediated transformation =-=[27,28]-=-. Aurora-B and -C have overlapping functions and compete each other for their substrates and other chromosome passenger proteins [11]. INCENP and Survivin have stronger affinity for Aurora-B than for ...

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...4) 13 Yield: 86%; Anal. Calcd for C19H13N3O (299.11): C, 76.24; H, 4.38; N, 14.04; O, 5.35; Found: C, 76.24; H, 4.39; N, 14.03. 3-Chlorobenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(5)-=-13 Yield: 86 %; Anal. Calcd for C15H10ClN3O (283.05): C, 63.50; H, 3.55; Cl, 12.50; N, 14.81; O, 5.64; Found: C, 63.48; H, 3.56; N, 14.82. 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1 ,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-y l id...

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...l. Calcd for C15H10FN3O (267.08): C, 67.41; H, 3.77; F, 7.11; N, 15.72; O, 5.99; Found: C, 67.43; H, 3.75; N, 15.74. 2-Florobenzaldehyde-N-(4,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3ylidene) hydrazone =-=(12)-=-13 Yield: 84%; Anal. Calcd for C15H8Cl2FN3O (335.00): C, 53.60; H, 2.40; Cl, 21.09; F, 5.65; N, 12.50; O, 4.76; Found: C, 53.61; H, 2.40; N, 12.49. 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3...

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...nduction of centrosome amplification, however, the oncogenic transformation requires kinase activity. Aurora-B by itself cannot induce transformation of cells but augments Ras-mediated transformation =-=[27,28]-=-. Aurora-B and -C have overlapping functions and compete each other for their substrates and other chromosome passenger proteins [11]. INCENP and Survivin have stronger affinity for Aurora-B than for ...

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...n practice in food and pharmaceutical industries. Incorporating plant extract in the form of emulsion is currently drawing more attention in the field of research due to their therapeutic importance. =-=[1]-=- The main advantage of emulsions is that they increase the solubility and bioavailability of therapeutic drugs as well as the ability to favor the topical transport of hydrophilic solute. Topical emul...

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...e agent of GUD in this study was herpes simplex virus (whether HSV-1 or HSV-2). This is in agreement with other studies in both the developed [17] and developing countries, like Brazil [18] and India =-=[19, 20]-=-. In an earlier report from this very centre, it was shown that syphilis was the commonest GUD observed over a fifteenyear period, followed by chancroid and herpes genitalis [16]. According to other I...

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...STIs and not just GUDs. HSV persists indefinitely and can be shed for years, and can be reactivated. This is probably why the prevalence of HSV in developing countries is increasing in recent decades =-=[23]-=-. Another important cause for increase in HSV-GUDs is the escalation of the HIV epidemic since mid to late 1990s [24]. In a study performed at Kigali, in 1985, the proportions of chancroid, syphilis, ...

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...ators and due to their elevated expression profiles detected in many human cancers, have generated significant interest in the cancer research field. Aurora-C is predominantly expressed in the testis =-=[2,3]-=- and is mainly restricted to meiotically dividing spermatocytes [4] and mouse oocytes [5]. Aurora-C is also associated with inner centromere protein (INCENP) in male spermatocytes. Moreover, it is rep...

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...on and multinucleation [6,17,21]. Both Aurora-A and Aurora-B overexpression phenotypes are aggravated in the absence of active p53 [6,22]. An elimination of the p53-dependent checkpoint may be evoked =-=[23]-=- to explain centrosome amplification and multinucleation induced by Aurora-C. Moreover, overexpressed Aurora-C kinase behaves like a dominant negative kinase for Aurora-B leading to cytokinesis defect...

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...d: 86%; Anal. Calcd for C17H16N4O (292.13): C, 69.85; H, 5.52; N, 19.17; O, 5.47; Found: C, 69.85; H, 5.53; N, 19.16. 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3ylidene) hydrazone =-=(14)-=- 13 Yield: 71%; Anal. Calcd for C16H13N3O3 (295.10): C, 65.08; H, 4.44; N, 14.23; O, 16.25; Found: C, 65.09; H, 4.42; N, 14.24. 2-Hydroxy,3-methoxybenzaldehyde-N-(4,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3Hindo...

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...institution of appropriate therapeutic regimen. Thus, no clinical characteristic is predictive of aetiology of GUD, which underlines the importance of performing a thorough microbiological evaluation =-=[8]-=-. In India, the cultural and sociodemographic diversity is considerable, with the result that GUDs vary in presentation according to aetiology, length of clinical course, age, and 2 Journal of Sexuall...

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... was the commonest GUD observed over a fifteenyear period, followed by chancroid and herpes genitalis [16]. According to other Indian studies, around the same period, HSV emerged as the commonest GUD =-=[21]-=-, as has also been observed by O’Farrell et al. [22] and the present study. HSV-GUD increased from 5.7% to 22.4% [16] in an earlier study at this centre. Our study has shown this to have increased fur...

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...: 87%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O2 (265.09): C, 67.92; H, 4.18; N, 15.84; O, 12.06; Found: C, 67.90; H, 4.19; N, 15.85. 2-Naphthaldehyde-N-(4,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(3)-=- 13 Yield: 98%; Anal. Calcd for C19H11Cl2N3O (367.03): C, 61.98; H, 3.01; Cl, 19.26; N, 11.41; O, 4.35; Found: C, 61.96; H, 3.02; N, 11.42. 2-Naphthaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hy...

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...time PCR-1 and by Gram’s stain-3). In the Pune study, H. ducreyi was the most common cause of GUD with 26% by Multiplex PCR in 1999 [23], while no H. ducreyi has been isolated in Australia since 1998 =-=[29]-=-. A study of GUDs in Zambia yielded 0% prevalence of H. ducreyi, while HSV-2 (28%), HSV-1 (0.5%), T. pallidum (11.5%), and C. trachomatis (3%) were all encountered [30]. The present study did not yiel...

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...d to revise existing national STI treatment guidelines in India, to include the treatment for herpes simplex virus of all GUD cases.The same finding has also been documented by a study in South India =-=[38]-=-. The link between GUDs and HIV infection provides a strong case for focusing on behaviour-change education and condom promotion on patients with genital ulcers. Thus,monitoring local aetiologies of G...

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...ators and due to their elevated expression profiles detected in many human cancers, have generated significant interest in the cancer research field. Aurora-C is predominantly expressed in the testis =-=[2,3]-=- and is mainly restricted to meiotically dividing spermatocytes [4] and mouse oocytes [5]. Aurora-C is also associated with inner centromere protein (INCENP) in male spermatocytes. Moreover, it is rep...

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...o the reason that we used mouse NIH3T3 cell line. The GFP-aurC-KD did not phosphorylate Histone H3. Abnormal expression of Aurora kinases causes abnormal centrosomes amplification and multinucleation =-=[6,17,21]-=-. Both Aurora-A and Aurora-B overexpression phenotypes are aggravated in the absence of active p53 [6,22]. An elimination of the p53-dependent checkpoint may be evoked [23] to explain centrosome ampli...

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...ively studied recently as a possible cancer therapy [10,14-18]. It is reported that Aurora-C-T191D is hyperactive mutant and its relative activity is sevenfold higher than the activity of Aurora-C-WT =-=[19]-=-. But we report that Aurora-C-T191D is not hyperactive but is constitutively active and behaves exactly like its partner Aurora CWT. Methods Construction of vectors Human aurora-C cDNA was obtained fr...

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...rganic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. [7] Hippophae rhamnoides has been used for the treatment of radiation damage, inflammation, burns, eczema, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus and dermatosus. =-=[8, 9]-=- The shelf life is the time period for which a drug can be stored before it becomes unfit for use due to chemical decomposition/physical deterioration. [5] In this study we formulated a w/o emulsion o...

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... Anal. Calcd for C15H10ClN3O (283.05): C, 63.50; H, 3.55; Cl, 12.50; N, 14.81; O, 5.64; Found: C, 63.48; H, 3.56; N, 14.82. 2-Methoxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1 ,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-y l idene) hydrazone =-=(6)-=-13 Yield: 82%; Anal. Calcd for C16H13N3O2 (279.10): C, 68.81; H, 4.69; N, 15.05; O, 11.46; Found: C, 68.82; H, 4.69; N, 15.04. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydraz...

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...STI clinics in our study was predominantly between 15 and 34 years. Although this is in accordance with the age group seen in several other studies [12–15], and an earlier study from this very centre =-=[16]-=-, the lower limit of age seems to have fallen in the present study. This may be a significant finding indicating that STIs may be occurring at an earlier age, and that initiation of sexual activity is...

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... 1985, the proportions of chancroid, syphilis, and genital herpes diagnosed among patients with GUD were 18%, 28%, and 19%, respectively and 59% of these patients were identified with HIV-1 infection =-=[25]-=-. Apart from HSV-2, HSV-1 is increasingly being recognized as an agent for GUD. Most studies do not provide clear-cut data on this because they do not use the tests which differentiate between HSV-1 a...

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...ism with 7.6% by PCR. A recent study in South Africa showed 4.2% of GUDs to be due to HSV-1 [26]. On the other hand, HSV-1 did not seem to be the causative organism of GUD in an older study in Africa =-=[27]-=-. Thus, geographical variations exist and reliable laboratory data can establish this conclusively. In most countries around the world, syphilis ranks as the second most frequent cause of GUD (2–25%)....

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...efit in terms of reduction in HIV transmission. A study in Rwanda confirmed a very high rate ofHIV infection among patients withGUD (73.2%), while another study in Zambia showed a similar trend (54%) =-=[32]-=-. The clinical picture of genital ulcer syndromes may be 6 Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases particularly severe and prolonged when the patient is HIV positive, thus requiring longer courses of...

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...ed by pathogens for which suitable therapies exist, but clinical and laboratory diagnosis may be problematic. There is dire need for rapid and accurate approach to this, as earlier studies have shown =-=[35]-=-. The use of real-time PCR in routine diagnostic settings is limited by concerns over its cost and contamination. But, when validated and used, it is a highly reproducible, rapid, and labour efficient...

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...edding are much less frequent for HSV-1 infection than for genital HSV-2 infection [36]. Taken together, these findings indicate that it may be used as an important tool to detect HSV genomes in GUDs =-=[37]-=-. Another valuable contribution of this study is the validation of clinical and syndromic diagnosis of GUDs by making an accurate aetiological (laboratory) diagnosis. Data thus obtained by using relia...

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...d o/ w/o multiple emulsions. Preparations with ABIL EM90 are highly stable towards heat. [3] Now a day, herbal extracts are used in the cosmetic preparations for augmenting beauty and attractiveness. =-=[4]-=- The use of cosmetics requires both their efficacy as well as minimal risk of skin irritation/skin sensitization. This is influenced by their formulation, nature of their use and quantity and quality ...

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... of view it is important that new products should be marketed as quickly as possible however sufficient stability profile at ambient temperature and under varying external influences must be provided =-=[10]-=-. MATERIALS AND METHODSsMaterials Hippophae rhamnoides berries were purchased from Pak Sea BuckFormulation and pharmaceutical evaluation of a W/O emulsion of Hippophae rhamniodes fruit extract *Barkat...

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... Yield: 83%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O2 (265.09): C, 67.92; H, 4.18; N, 15.84;O, 12.06; Found: C, 67.91; H, 4.19; N, 15.84. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1 ,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-y l idene) hydrazone =-=(2)-=-13sYield: 87%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O2 (265.09): C, 67.92; H, 4.18; N, 15.84; O, 12.06; Found: C, 67.90; H, 4.19; N, 15.85. 2-Naphthaldehyde-N-(4,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hy...

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...r C15H8Cl2FN3O (335.00): C, 53.60; H, 2.40; Cl, 21.09; F, 5.65; N, 12.50; O, 4.76; Found: C, 53.61; H, 2.40; N, 12.49. 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(13)-=- 13 Yield: 86%; Anal. Calcd for C17H16N4O (292.13): C, 69.85; H, 5.52; N, 19.17; O, 5.47; Found: C, 69.85; H, 5.53; N, 19.16. 2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3ylidene) hy...

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...alcd for C16H13N3O3 (295.10): C, 65.08; H, 4.44; N, 14.23; O, 16.25; Found: C, 65.09; H, 4.42; N, 14.24. 2-Hydroxy,3-methoxybenzaldehyde-N-(4,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3Hindol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(15)-=-13 Yield: 77%; Anal. Calcd for C16H11Cl2N3O3 (363.02): C, 52.77; H, 3.04; Cl, 19.47; N, 11.54; O, 13.18; Found: C, 52.76; H, 3.06; N, 11.53. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylide...

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...nerated significant interest in the cancer research field. Aurora-C is predominantly expressed in the testis [2,3] and is mainly restricted to meiotically dividing spermatocytes [4] and mouse oocytes =-=[5]-=-. Aurora-C is also associated with inner centromere protein (INCENP) in male spermatocytes. Moreover, it is reported that * Correspondence: sanaullahkust@gmail.com 3 Department of Zoology, Kohat Unive...

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...hat, Pakistan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article overexpressed Aurora-C kinase behaves like a dominant negative kinase for Aurora-B leading to a cytokinesis defect =-=[6]-=-. Aurora-C disrupts the chromosome passenger protein complexes necessary for cytokinesis. Aurora-C can fulfil the role of Aurora-B in centromere assembly, kinetochore- microtubule attachment, the spin...

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...tional potential roles for Aurora-C in somatic tissues could include cooperative or modulating functions in mitosis, or non-mitotic functions such as gene regulation via phosphorylation of histone H3 =-=[7]-=-. Overexpression of Aurora-C in cancerous tissues and cell lines also raises questions about its potential role in carcinogenesis and its effect on the proliferative capacity of tumour cells [8,9]. Th...

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...ne H3 [7]. Overexpression of Aurora-C in cancerous tissues and cell lines also raises questions about its potential role in carcinogenesis and its effect on the proliferative capacity of tumour cells =-=[8,9]-=-. The expression levels of Aurora-C, Aurora-B and Aurora-B splice variants are commonly altered in tumour cell lines and tissues [10-13]. These alterations in expression have been associated with © 20...

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...ro kinase assays that the relative activity of histone H3 phosphorylation by GFP-aurC-CA was the same as that by GFP-aurC-WT (Figure 1G-I). These results are in contrast to those previously described =-=[20]-=-. This might be due to the reason that we used mouse NIH3T3 cell line. The GFP-aurC-KD did not phosphorylate Histone H3. Abnormal expression of Aurora kinases causes abnormal centrosomes amplification...

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...lubility and bioavailability of therapeutic drugs as well as the ability to favor the topical transport of hydrophilic solute. Topical emulsions also avoid gastrointestinal environment and first pass =-=[2]-=-. ABILE EM 90 is a suitable surfactant for the formulation of water-in-oil emulsions, w/o/w and o/ w/o multiple emulsions. Preparations with ABIL EM90 are highly stable towards heat. [3] Now a day, he...

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...nd first pass [2]. ABILE EM 90 is a suitable surfactant for the formulation of water-in-oil emulsions, w/o/w and o/ w/o multiple emulsions. Preparations with ABIL EM90 are highly stable towards heat. =-=[3]-=- Now a day, herbal extracts are used in the cosmetic preparations for augmenting beauty and attractiveness. [4] The use of cosmetics requires both their efficacy as well as minimal risk of skin irrita...

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...etics requires both their efficacy as well as minimal risk of skin irritation/skin sensitization. This is influenced by their formulation, nature of their use and quantity and quality of ingredients. =-=[5]-=- Hippophae rhamnoides is a deciduous, dioecious plant with numerous greenish-yellow flowers and bright orange, globular, ellipsoid fruit belongs to family Elaeagnaceae. [6] Hippophae rhamnoides juice ...

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...rganic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. [7] Hippophae rhamnoides has been used for the treatment of radiation damage, inflammation, burns, eczema, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus and dermatosus. =-=[8, 9]-=- The shelf life is the time period for which a drug can be stored before it becomes unfit for use due to chemical decomposition/physical deterioration. [5] In this study we formulated a w/o emulsion o...

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...lorless, viscous oily liquid and As the active ingredient i.e. H.Rhamniodes fruit extract contains polyphenols which are well documented to have microbicide activities against huge number of bacteria.=-=[11,12]-=-, thus it may protect the formulation components from microbial growth of those organisms which might produce such substances which are able to change the color of the formulation during the storage t...

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...were stable at all the storage conditions for 28 days. It may be due the proper homogenization speed during emulsion formulation prevented the base and the formulation breakage during stress testing. =-=[15]-=- pH Tests The pH of the prepared emulsion was measured for all the 4 samples kept at 8oC, 25 oC, 40 oC and 40 oC +75%RH by using digital PH-Meter (WTW pH-197i, Germany) immediately after preparation a...

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...H may be because of the production of acidic species as the juice of H.rhamnoides is very acidic and has high concentration (30-36 mg/1000 gm) of organic acids such as quinic acid (18-19 gm/1000 gm). =-=[16]-=-sConductivitysConductivity is mostly used to determine the nature of an emulsion and to control its stability with the passage of time as it allows the detection of creaming, sedimentation and phase i...

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... kept at 400C that may be due the slight liquefaction, appearance of aqueous phase and production of acidic species. ViscositysViscosity plays very important role in the flow properties of emulsions. =-=[17]-=- Viscosity was determined with the help of RV III Disc Spindle Rheometer (Brookfield USA) for all the 4 samples kept at 8oC, 25 oC, 40 oC and 40 oC +75%RH immediately after preparation andsthen repeat...

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...ield: 82%; Anal. Calcd for C16H13N3O2 (279.10): C, 68.81; H, 4.69; N, 15.05; O, 11.46; Found: C, 68.82; H, 4.69; N, 15.04. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(7)-=-13 Yield: 86%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O3 (281.08): C, 64.05; H, 3.94; N, 14.94; O, 17.07; Found: C, 64.04; H, 3.95; N, 14.93. 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazo...

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...Yield: 86%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O3 (281.08): C, 64.05; H, 3.94; N, 14.94; O, 17.07; Found: C, 64.04; H, 3.95; N, 14.93. 3,4-Dichlorobenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(8)-=-13sYield: 89 %; Anal. Calcd for C15H9Cl2N3O (317.01): C, 56.63; H, 2.85; Cl, 22.29; N, 13.21; O, 5.03; Found: C, 56.65; H, 2.84; N, 13.20. 1-Naphthaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hyd...

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...d: 89 %; Anal. Calcd for C15H9Cl2N3O (317.01): C, 56.63; H, 2.85; Cl, 22.29; N, 13.21; O, 5.03; Found: C, 56.65; H, 2.84; N, 13.20. 1-Naphthaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(9)-=- 13sYield: 84%; Anal. Calcd for C19H13N3O (299.11): C, 76.24; H, 4.38; N, 14.04; O, 5.35; Found: C, 76.25; H, 4.39; N, 14.05. 4-Fluorobenzaldehyde-N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone (1...

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... Anal. Calcd for C16H11Cl2N3O3 (363.02): C, 52.77; H, 3.04; Cl, 19.47; N, 11.54; O, 13.18; Found: C, 52.76; H, 3.06; N, 11.53. 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone =-=(16)-=-13 Yield: 81%; Anal. Calcd for C15H11N3O2 (265.09): C, 67.92; H, 4.18; N, 15.84; O, 12.06; Found: C, 67.92; H, 4.19; N, 15.83. 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde N-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene) hydrazone (...

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...in STIs make it imperative that a correct diagnosis be made in order to institute appropriate treatment and formulate policies for control. The annual global incidence of GUD exceeds 20 million cases =-=[1]-=-. In 1960s and 1970s, bacterial GUDs were the commonest. By 1980s, with the advent of HIV, the viral GUDs took over [2]. Thus, over time the trends in microorganisms causing GUD have undergone conside...

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...olicies for control. The annual global incidence of GUD exceeds 20 million cases [1]. In 1960s and 1970s, bacterial GUDs were the commonest. By 1980s, with the advent of HIV, the viral GUDs took over =-=[2]-=-. Thus, over time the trends in microorganisms causing GUD have undergone considerable change across the developed world, with bacterial aetiologies giving way to viral causes. Genital herpes has beco...

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... causing GUD have undergone considerable change across the developed world, with bacterial aetiologies giving way to viral causes. Genital herpes has become the most common STD among clinic attendees =-=[3]-=- and the leading cause of genital ulcers worldwide [4]. For viral GUDs, prevention and counseling are more important rather than early diagnosis and treatment, as is the case with bacterial GUDs [2]. ...

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...characteristics, history of prior antibiotic use, and details of physical examination were also recorded. Material was collected from the genital ulcers as swabs, from the base and edge of the ulcers =-=[10]-=-, and processed for various microbiological tests, within minutes, as the clinic and laboratory are located very close to each other. Swabs collected for real-time PCR were placed in Specimen Transpor...

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...e agent of GUD in this study was herpes simplex virus (whether HSV-1 or HSV-2). This is in agreement with other studies in both the developed [17] and developing countries, like Brazil [18] and India =-=[19, 20]-=-. In an earlier report from this very centre, it was shown that syphilis was the commonest GUD observed over a fifteenyear period, followed by chancroid and herpes genitalis [16]. According to other I...

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...eriod, followed by chancroid and herpes genitalis [16]. According to other Indian studies, around the same period, HSV emerged as the commonest GUD [21], as has also been observed by O’Farrell et al. =-=[22]-=- and the present study. HSV-GUD increased from 5.7% to 22.4% [16] in an earlier study at this centre. Our study has shown this to have increased further to 78.9% clinically and 92.2% aetiologically, a...

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...devised which gives the option of prescribing antiherpes therapy without the addition of antimicrobial agents for syphilis and chancroid in patients deemed to be at low risk of having acquired an STI =-=[24]-=-. 5. Conclusion Men and women with GUD are at an increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV via a variety of biological mechanisms [34]. This makes it imperative to strengthen measures to contro...

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...ud et al. [23], HSV 1 and 2 prevalence was 39% and HSV-1 was the second most frequently diagnosed microorganism with 7.6% by PCR. A recent study in South Africa showed 4.2% of GUDs to be due to HSV-1 =-=[26]-=-. On the other hand, HSV-1 did not seem to be the causative organism of GUD in an older study in Africa [27]. Thus, geographical variations exist and reliable laboratory data can establish this conclu...

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...solated in Australia since 1998 [29]. A study of GUDs in Zambia yielded 0% prevalence of H. ducreyi, while HSV-2 (28%), HSV-1 (0.5%), T. pallidum (11.5%), and C. trachomatis (3%) were all encountered =-=[30]-=-. The present study did not yield a single case of donovanosis or LGV (neither clinically nor aetiologically). This situation is true ofmany other nations across the world where no donovanosis has bee...

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...rnal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases particularly severe and prolonged when the patient is HIV positive, thus requiring longer courses of therapy. Recurrence rates after treatment may also be higher =-=[33]-=-. Based on surveys performed in South Africa, since 2007, syphilis is generally detected now in less than 10%, and chancroid in less than 1% of GUDs. Therefore, a new GUD flowchart has been devised wh...

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...atients deemed to be at low risk of having acquired an STI [24]. 5. Conclusion Men and women with GUD are at an increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV via a variety of biological mechanisms =-=[34]-=-. This makes it imperative to strengthen measures to control GUDs which in turn would reduce the ability to transmit HIV by decreasing the amount and frequency of HIV shedding. GUD is often caused by ...

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...HSV DNA, but also differentiation between HSV-1 and HSV-2 genotypes. According to WHO, recurrences and subclinical shedding are much less frequent for HSV-1 infection than for genital HSV-2 infection =-=[36]-=-. Taken together, these findings indicate that it may be used as an important tool to detect HSV genomes in GUDs [37]. Another valuable contribution of this study is the validation of clinical and syn...