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...uld be lost if an unrelated donor were used. In one of the few reports about known sperm donors, family involvement was chosen so that the infertile male could feel a “genetic closeness” to his child =-=(12)-=-. Thus using a sibling’s gametes will result in rearing a genetic nephew or niece who has some, but usually less than 50%, of the infertile person’s genes. Intergenerational donations, such as father-...

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... (7). A 1998 survey of ART clinics found that 60% of clinics would accept sperm from brothers, whereas FERTILITY & STERILITY� 1125many more would accept sisters (90%) and friends (80%) as egg donors =-=(8)-=-. The number of requests for intergenerational familial gamete donation and the number of these procedures performed are also unknown. The 1992 survey of SART members found that intergenerational game...

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...ilies on society would probably be minimal. Seibel et al., among others, have argued that families resulting from reproductive technologies such as gamete donation actually mirror our society’s norms =-=(16, 17)-=-. Complicated family arrangements are often the products of divorce and remarriage. Most third-party reproduction involving family members should not be alarming in today’s climate. These arrangements...

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...ilies on society would probably be minimal. Seibel et al., among others, have argued that families resulting from reproductive technologies such as gamete donation actually mirror our society’s norms =-=(16, 17)-=-. Complicated family arrangements are often the products of divorce and remarriage. Most third-party reproduction involving family members should not be alarming in today’s climate. These arrangements...

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...ricted by law in some states. However, cases of intrafamilial surrogacy do occur, and sometimes receive great publicity. Sister-for-sister gestational surrogacy using donor sperm was reported in 1988 =-=(9)-=-. Soon thereafter, the case of a South African woman carrying triplets for her daughter and sonin-law was highly publicized (10), as was the case of an American woman providing gestational surrogacy f...

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...family may be best left to those family members, as long as providers involved in these arrangements have paid due regard to informed consent, free decision-making, and the welfare of the child-to-be =-=(13)-=-. CONCERNS ABOUT INTRAFAMILIAL COLLABORATIVE REPRODUCTION Intrafamilial collaborative reproduction raises ethical concerns distinct from concerns raised by other donor or 1126 Ethics Committee of the ...

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...e, the offspring will usually have 25% genetic material from the parent’s former spouse. Medical and mental health professionals have raised concerns about the emotional consequences that could occur =-=(3, 4)-=-, and have emphasized the need to pay special attention to the psychological needs of children born of such relationships. Larger societal concerns are raised by these arrangements as well, because th...

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...ome investigators argue that because undue influence cannot be eliminated in child–parent relationships, a truly free decision to participate in such cases of collaborative reproduction is impossible =-=(4)-=-. It may be easier to achieve emotional distance and minimize undue influence in other circumstances. For example, a couple might request help from a cousin who lives in another city and will have ver...

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...hics Committee. Family members as donors or surrogates. Fertil Steril 2003. North American ART programs accepted sister-to-sister ovum donation, but only 43.3% would allow brothers to be sperm donors =-=(7)-=-. A 1998 survey of ART clinics found that 60% of clinics would accept sperm from brothers, whereas FERTILITY & STERILITY� 1125many more would accept sisters (90%) and friends (80%) as egg donors (8)....

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...-for-sister gestational surrogacy using donor sperm was reported in 1988 (9). Soon thereafter, the case of a South African woman carrying triplets for her daughter and sonin-law was highly publicized =-=(10)-=-, as was the case of an American woman providing gestational surrogacy for a daughter who could not carry a pregnancy (11). THE CASE FOR FAMILIAL COLLABORATION The reasons for seeking a familial donor...

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...cy among first cousins, we note that a recent review found that procreation between first cousins added only a 1.7%–2.8% risk of major malformations and genetic diseases to a background risk of 3%–4% =-=(14)-=-. Undue Influence and Autonomous Decisionmaking A major concern in familial collaborative reproduction is protecting the autonomy of the contributing donor or surrogate from manipulative or undue infl...