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...n of new lexical knowledge, and the retrieval and processing of previously acquired information. It is unclear whether these two capacities are subserved by distinct computational and neural systems (=-=Chomsky, 1995-=-; Pinker, 1994, 1999; Ullman, 2001; Ullman et al., 1997), or by a single system (Elman et al., 1996; Joanisse and Seidenberg, 1999; Seidenberg, 1997). We previously presented evidence supporting a dis...

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...es, including morphologically complex forms (e.g., walked, happiness), phrases, and sentences. It is unsettled whether these two capacities are subserved by distinct computational and neural systems (=-=Pinker, 1994-=-, 1999; Ullman, 2001; Ullman et al., 1997), or by a single computational system (Elman et al., 1996; Seidenberg, 1997). Neuropsychology, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging have provided converging ev...

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.... It is unsettled whether these two capacities are subserved by distinct computational and neural systems (Pinker, 1994, 1999; Ullman, 2001; Ullman et al., 1997), or by a single computational system (=-=Elman et al., 1996-=-; Seidenberg, 1997). Neuropsychology, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging have provided converging evidence to support a dissociation between the mental lexicon (memorized words) and the mental gramma...

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...nd Zola, 1998; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1998; VarghaKhadem et al., 1997). A key component of semantic memory is lexical memory: the stored information about words, including their meanings and forms (=-=Tulving, 1972-=-; Ullman et al., 1997; Ullman, 2001). It is currently unclear whether established lexical memories are preserved in global amnesia. Although numerous studies have reported cognitive impairments in amn...

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...vel, because the likelihood that an individual would be 20th out of 20 simply by chance is 1/20 or 0.05. This type of analysis is essentially a “permutation” or “randomization” test (Edgington, 1995; =-=Good, 1994-=-). We could not perform conventional parametric significance tests (t-tests or ANOVAs) across subjects, because these tests require within-group variances based on independent observations which are n...

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... Zola, 1998; Postle and Corkin, 1998; Gabrieli et al., 1988). It is less clear, however, whether these structures are also required for accessing established, long-term episodic or semantic memories (=-=Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997-=-; Squire and Zola, 1998; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1998; VarghaKhadem et al., 1997). A key component of semantic memory is lexical memory: the stored information about words, including their meanings a...

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... neuroimaging have provided converging evidence to support a dissociation between the mental lexicon (memorized words) and the mental grammar (grammatical rules) (Neville et al., 1991; Damasio, 1992; =-=Stromswold et al., 1996-=-; Ullman et al., 1997; Caplan et al., 1998). Ullman et al. (1997) proposed that the mental lexicon depends upon a declarative memory system, including medial temporal lobe structures (for learning new...

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...uropsychology, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging have provided converging evidence to support a dissociation between the mental lexicon (memorized words) and the mental grammar (grammatical rules) (=-=Neville et al., 1991-=-; Damasio, 1992; Stromswold et al., 1996; Ullman et al., 1997; Caplan et al., 1998). Ullman et al. (1997) proposed that the mental lexicon depends upon a declarative memory system, including medial te...

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...n, 2001). Converging evidence for these distinct neural circuits comes from a number of different types of studies (reviewed in Ullman, 2001), including neuropsychological (Damasio and Damasio, 1992; =-=Goodglass, 1993-=-; Ullman et al., 1997, 2001), electrophysiological (Friederici et al., 1998; Kutas and Hillyard, 1980; Neville et al., 1991; Newman et al., 1999; Rosler et al., 1993), magnetophysiological (Rhee et al...

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...treatment for intractable epilepsy (Scoville and Milner, 1957). The operation partially alleviated H.M.’s epilepsy, but resulted in a profound global amnesia (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Corkin, 1994; =-=Milner et al., 1968-=-). The location of his lesion has been well-documented using magnetic resonance imaging (Corkin et al., 1997). Corkin et al. (1997) reported that the following structures were resected bilaterally: th...

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...cross time. It had been alternatively claimed that H.M.’s preoperatively acquired semantic knowledge remained intact (Milner et al., 1985), and that evidence suggested an age-related lexical decline (=-=Corkin, 1984-=-). Our longitudinal data resolved this question, indicating that H.M.’s lexical memory has remained consistent since the time of his operation. While he did show a reduced lexical memory performance i...

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... AD, in contrast, mainly affects medial temporal lobe structures, (Murphy et al., 1993; Arnold et al., 1991), including the hippocampus (Small et al., 1999), entorhinal cortex, and perirhinal cortex (=-=Gomez-Isla et al., 1996-=-; Arriagada et al., 1992), leaving frontal and basal ganglia structures relatively spared. The disparity in language deficits therefore supports the dissociation between a basal ganglia-frontal lobe s...

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...rd, 1980; Neville et al., 1991; Newman et al., 1999; Rosler et al., 1993), magnetophysiological (Rhee et al., 1999; Simos et al., 1997), and hemodynamic (Caplan et al., 1998; Newman et al., in press; =-=Ni et al., 2000-=-; Stromswold et al., 1996). Here we will summarize some neuropsychological results which pertain to the present study. Neuropsychological studies of aphasic patients have dissociated lexicon from gram...

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...ilepsy, but resulted in a profound global amnesia (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Corkin, 1994; Milner et al., 1968). The location of his lesion has been well-documented using magnetic resonance imaging (=-=Corkin et al., 1997-=-). Corkin et al. (1997) reported that the following structures were resected bilaterally: the medial temporal pole, amygdaloid complex (except for a small, dorsal remnant), entorhinal cortex, hippocam...

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...chological (Damasio and Damasio, 1992; Goodglass, 1993; Ullman et al., 1997, 2001), electrophysiological (Friederici et al., 1998; Kutas and Hillyard, 1980; Neville et al., 1991; Newman et al., 1999; =-=Rosler et al., 1993-=-), magnetophysiological (Rhee et al., 1999; Simos et al., 1997), and hemodynamic (Caplan et al., 1998; Newman et al., in press; Ni et al., 2000; Stromswold et al., 1996). Here we will summarize some n...

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...y and letter fluency tasks. We do not believe that these deficits are related to his temporal lobe damage. Neocortical temporal lobe regions seem to be more important in category than letter fluency (=-=Newcombe, 1969-=-; Mummery et al., 1996; Gourovitch et al., 2000; Martin et al., 1994). If H.M.’s performance on these tasks were related to the extensions of his lesion to neocortical temporal regions, we would expec...

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...ts are related to his temporal lobe damage. Neocortical temporal lobe regions seem to be more important in category than letter fluency (Newcombe, 1969; Mummery et al., 1996; Gourovitch et al., 2000; =-=Martin et al., 1994-=-). If H.M.’s performance on these tasks were related to the extensions of his lesion to neocortical temporal regions, we would expect him to do worse on category fluency as compared to letter fluency....

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...investigation, it was unclear whether H.M. had shown a decline of lexical memory across time. It had been alternatively claimed that H.M.’s preoperatively acquired semantic knowledge remained intact (=-=Milner et al., 1985-=-), and that evidence suggested an age-related lexical decline (Corkin, 1984). Our longitudinal data resolved this question, indicating that H.M.’s lexical memory has remained consistent since the time...

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...DUCTION The hippocampus and medial temporal lobes are implicated in the formation of new memories, both episodic and semantic (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Squire and Zola, 1998; Postle and Corkin, 1998; Gabrieli et al., 1988). It is less clear, however, whether these structures are also required for accessing established, long-term episodic or semantic memories (Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997; Squire and Zola, 1998; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1998; VarghaKhadem et al., 1997). A key component of semantic memory is lexical memory: the stored information about words, including their meanings and forms (Tulving, 1972; Ullman et al., 1997; Ullman, 2001). It is currently unclear whether established lexical memories are preserved in global amnesia. Although numerous studies have reported cognitive impairments in amnesic patients (Ostergaard, 1987; Gabrieli et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1992; MacKay et al., 1998a,b; Postle and Corkin, 1998; Schmolck et al., 2000b), few have focused on language processing (MacKay et al., 1998a,b; Schmolck et al., 2000b). In the present extensive study of language function in a patient with profound global amnesia, we address three main questions: 1) Is the capacity to use alre...

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...), including neuropsychological (Damasio and Damasio, 1992; Goodglass, 1993; Ullman et al., 1997, 2001), electrophysiological (Friederici et al., 1998; Kutas and Hillyard, 1980; Neville et al., 1991; =-=Newman et al., 1999-=-; Rosler et al., 1993), magnetophysiological (Rhee et al., 1999; Simos et al., 1997), and hemodynamic (Caplan et al., 1998; Newman et al., in press; Ni et al., 2000; Stromswold et al., 1996). Here we ...

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...t-tense forms, posited to be computed by grammatical affixation rules (e.g., walk 1 -ed3 walked), than irregular morphological forms (e.g., went or sang), posited to be retrieved from lexical memory (=-=Badecker and Caramazza, 1987-=-, 1991; Hagiwara et al., 1999; Ullman et al., 1997, 2001). In contrast, posterior aphasia is associated with temporal/temporo-parietal lesions and lexical-conceptual deficits (Damasio, 1992; Damasio a...

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...d by grammatical affixation rules (e.g., walk 1 -ed3 walked), than irregular morphological forms (e.g., went or sang), posited to be retrieved from lexical memory (Badecker and Caramazza, 1987, 1991; =-=Hagiwara et al., 1999-=-; Ullman et al., 1997, 2001). In contrast, posterior aphasia is associated with temporal/temporo-parietal lesions and lexical-conceptual deficits (Damasio, 1992; Damasio and Damasio, 1992; Goodglass, ...

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...lass, 1993; Ullman et al., 1997, 2001), electrophysiological (Friederici et al., 1998; Kutas and Hillyard, 1980; Neville et al., 1991; Newman et al., 1999; Rosler et al., 1993), magnetophysiological (=-=Rhee et al., 1999-=-; Simos et al., 1997), and hemodynamic (Caplan et al., 1998; Newman et al., in press; Ni et al., 2000; Stromswold et al., 1996). Here we will summarize some neuropsychological results which pertain to...

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...ith amnesic patient H.M. (Gabrieli et al., 1988) found that he could not learn new word definitions, but was able to access word definitions learned before his operation. Similarly, Postle and Corkin =-=(1998)-=- indicated that H.M. did not show word-stem completion priming for words that came into use after his operation, but showed normal priming for words in use before the time of his surgery. The contrast...

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...on retrieval. This series of tasks measured participants’ lexical abilities by determining how well they were able to retrieve or recognize object names and memorized information. Boston naming test (=-=Kaplan et al., 1978-=-; Huff et al., 1986). Participants were given two forms of this test, each with 42 blackand-white line drawings of objects that they were asked to name. Items were ordered by word frequency, from high...

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...c or semantic memories (Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997; Squire and Zola, 1998; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1998; VarghaKhadem et al., 1997). A key component of semantic memory is lexical memory: the stored information about words, including their meanings and forms (Tulving, 1972; Ullman et al., 1997; Ullman, 2001). It is currently unclear whether established lexical memories are preserved in global amnesia. Although numerous studies have reported cognitive impairments in amnesic patients (Ostergaard, 1987; Gabrieli et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1992; MacKay et al., 1998a,b; Postle and Corkin, 1998; Schmolck et al., 2000b), few have focused on language processing (MacKay et al., 1998a,b; Schmolck et al., 2000b). In the present extensive study of language function in a patient with profound global amnesia, we address three main questions: 1) Is the capacity to use alreadylearned (preoperative) lexical information compromised by damage limited mainly to medial temporal lobe structures? 2) Is grammatical processing affected by medial temporal lesions? and 3) Does lexical memory degrade with time following medial temporal lobe damage? By comparing the results of this experiment to prior investigations (Gabrieli e...

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...c or semantic memories (Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997; Squire and Zola, 1998; Tulving and Markowitsch, 1998; VarghaKhadem et al., 1997). A key component of semantic memory is lexical memory: the stored information about words, including their meanings and forms (Tulving, 1972; Ullman et al., 1997; Ullman, 2001). It is currently unclear whether established lexical memories are preserved in global amnesia. Although numerous studies have reported cognitive impairments in amnesic patients (Ostergaard, 1987; Gabrieli et al., 1988; Shapiro et al., 1992; MacKay et al., 1998a,b; Postle and Corkin, 1998; Schmolck et al., 2000b), few have focused on language processing (MacKay et al., 1998a,b; Schmolck et al., 2000b). In the present extensive study of language function in a patient with profound global amnesia, we address three main questions: 1) Is the capacity to use alreadylearned (preoperative) lexical information compromised by damage limited mainly to medial temporal lobe structures? 2) Is grammatical processing affected by medial temporal lesions? and 3) Does lexical memory degrade with time following medial temporal lobe damage? By comparing the results of this experiment to prior investigations (Gabrieli e...

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...e to support a dissociation between the mental lexicon (memorized words) and the mental grammar (grammatical rules) (Neville et al., 1991; Damasio, 1992; Stromswold et al., 1996; Ullman et al., 1997; =-=Caplan et al., 1998-=-). Ullman et al. (1997) proposed that the mental lexicon depends upon a declarative memory system, including medial temporal lobe structures (for learning new information), and neocortical temporal an...

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... decided whether the word correctly named the picture, by pressing a button labeled “yes” or one labeled “no.” Responses were scored for number correct. Picture naming II and category identification (=-=Siri et al., 1999-=-). Participants were asked to name aloud 105 black-andwhite line drawings (Snodgrass and Vanderwart, 1980) presented on a Macintosh computer screen one at a time. Once they named an item, four categor...