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...e growth is a speedy, simple and cheap method used by researchers in breeding programs for identifying favourable cultivars and genotypes which will be used as pollinizer in orchard establishment and breeding objectives (Sharafi et al., 2010; Stosser et al., 1996). Pollen of most species germinates and grows like a tube when placed in a solution of calcium, boron, and an osmotic in tissue culture technique. Even though in species, germination and tube growth are robust under experimentally defined conditions, rendering in vitrobased studies of relevance to the in vivo situation (Cheung, 1996; Taylor, 1997). The rate of pollen germination of some plant species and cultivars varies depending on the medium or chemical concentration. For this reason, the suitable pollen germination medium should be obtained for each species and cultivar. Many stint tests have been used such as acetocarmin, propione carmine, aniline blue, Alexander’s stain, IKI (iodine potassium iodide), FDA (fluorescein diactate), NBT (p– nitro blue tetrazolium), MTT (2,5–diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and TTC (2, 2, 5–triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) to determine the pollen viability of fruit trees (Bolat and Pirlak, 1999). In this ...

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...tion (Cheung, 1996; Taylor, 1997). The rate of pollen germination of some plant species and cultivars varies depending on the medium or chemical concentration. For this reason, the suitable pollen germination medium should be obtained for each species and cultivar. Many stint tests have been used such as acetocarmin, propione carmine, aniline blue, Alexander’s stain, IKI (iodine potassium iodide), FDA (fluorescein diactate), NBT (p– nitro blue tetrazolium), MTT (2,5–diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and TTC (2, 2, 5–triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) to determine the pollen viability of fruit trees (Bolat and Pirlak, 1999). In this study, pollen germination and tube growth of some Iranian hawthorn genotypes were investigated in different in vitro condition for determining suitable medium and genotypes which will be used in the future breeding, orchard establishment and commercial production programs of hawthorn in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed to determine the favourable in vitro medium for pollen germination and tube growth of some hawthorn genotypes that presently are exist in East-Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Ten genotypes of hawthorn [5 genotypes from Crataegus douglasii (black hawthorn)...

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...t pollen grains of Crataegus had a maximum germination percentage mean in medium without (or very low concentration) boric acid (data not shown). Therefore, this cheap medium can be used as a suitable medium for investigation of the hawthorn pollen germination, viability and longevity in the future breeding (tissue culture), orchard establishment (pollination studies such as artificial pollination, pollenpistil compatibility relationships of cultivars and genotypes, selecting suitable pollinizers, finding effective pollination period in fruit trees and etc) and commercial production programs (Sanzol and Herrero, 2001; Sharafi et al., 2009, 2010). Analysis of variance for pollen tube length (PTL) showed Table 1. Analysis of variance for pollen germination percentage (PGP) and pollen tube length (PTL based on micrometer) in ten studied genotypes of hawthorn in different studied in vitro media. Source of variation (SOV) DF PGP% PTL µm Media 6 784.7 ** 827.1 ** Experimental error 21 7.5 45 CV (%) 12.4 13.8 **: Significant at p < 0.01% level. Table 2. Comparison of means for PGP and PTL in studied genotypes of hawthorn in different in vitro media. Media% PGP PTL (µm) Sucrose 5 35.5 b 95.1 d Sucrose 10 32 b 141...

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...m Iodide) by some researchers (Bolat and Pirlak, 1999). In general, there is a direct relationship between pollen viability and germination capability in many fruit species. Germination capability of pollen depends on various factors, namely nutrition conditions (Calcium, Boron, Hydrocarbons, Osmotic, etc), genotype (various genusand Sharafi 1969 species) and environmental factors (temperature, light, humidity and etc). To investigate pollination potential, estimates should be made of pollen quantity and viability, as well as of pollen germination capability for breeding and growing programs (Ercisli, 2007). The dependence of pollen germination on sucrose concentration in germination media was proved in several Rosaceae species too, (Du et al., 2006; Sharafi, 2010). Ercisli (2007) designed a research for in vitro pollen germination test of 2 rose species (Rosa dumali and Rosa vilosa) with, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% sucrose and 0.03, 0.01 and 0.1% boric acid in hanging drop method. In addition, 1% agar + 15% sucrose combinations in Petri dishes were also used. There were statistical differences (p < 0.01) among genotypes in pollen viability. Conclusion Findings of this study concluded tha...

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...ally with their edible fruits. However, pollen germination and pollen tubes growth are, in principle, necessary for fertilization and seed formation in flowering plants. Study of pollen traits such as pollen longevity, germination and tube growth is necessary to be carried out in unknown plants such as hawthorn species. In vitro pollen germination and tube growth is a speedy, simple and cheap method used by researchers in breeding programs for identifying favourable cultivars and genotypes which will be used as pollinizer in orchard establishment and breeding objectives (Sharafi et al., 2010; Stosser et al., 1996). Pollen of most species germinates and grows like a tube when placed in a solution of calcium, boron, and an osmotic in tissue culture technique. Even though in species, germination and tube growth are robust under experimentally defined conditions, rendering in vitrobased studies of relevance to the in vivo situation (Cheung, 1996; Taylor, 1997). The rate of pollen germination of some plant species and cultivars varies depending on the medium or chemical concentration. For this reason, the suitable pollen germination medium should be obtained for each species and cultivar. Many stint tests h...

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... Hawthorn has actinomorphic-perfect flowers and possesses a hypanthium on which perianth and androecium are inserted. The corollas comprise five free white to pinkish petals. Flowers grow in small clusters of 9 -18 and are entomophilous of the ‘generalist’ bowl form (Chacoff et al., 2008). Hawthorns contain mixture of flavonoids mainly oligomeric procyanidins, responsible of the plant medicinal benefits, congestive heart failure, migraine, high and low blood pressure. Hawthorn perhaps is one of the most widely plant used for treatment of mild heart disorders (Gabriel, 2006; Long et al., 2006; Mahrik et al., 2009; Committee, 1999). Based on statements, fruits are the main part of hawthorn consumed by human. Fruits set after favorable pollination and fertilization of pollens with ovules in all of the plants is important in the plants, especially with their edible fruits. However, pollen germination and pollen tubes growth are, in principle, necessary for fertilization and seed formation in flowering plants. Study of pollen traits such as pollen longevity, germination and tube growth is necessary to be carried out in unknown plants such as hawthorn species. In vitro pollen germination and tube growth is...

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...o growers and breeders to regard those crops need to little water (especially, horticultural crops for instance fruit trees which need much water). However, fruit trees such as apples and pears need much water and show graftcompatibility on hawthorn rootstocks. Therefore, breeders and growers protect the stated problems with dry tolerant rootstocks, for example Crataegus, although, they have some difficulties on such rootstocks. Moreover, the genus Crataegus has some species, which could be cultivated commercially as a fruit tree, medicinal and ornamental plant and have much other usefulness (Sharafi et al., 2010). Crataegus is a complex group of trees and shrubs native to northern temperate zone with about 250 currently recognized species. Crataegus belongs to the *Corresponding author. E-mail: yavarsharafi@iaumaragheh.ac.ir. Tel: +989144200882. Fax: 984213254506. subfamily Maloideae in the Rosaceae with the ability to interbreed freely by 17 basal chromosome numbers. Around the world, hawthorns are used for a wide range of purposes. Many hawthorn species are grown for their edible fruits in Asia, Central America, and various Mediterranean countries. Some cultivars have been selected for improved frui...

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...o growers and breeders to regard those crops need to little water (especially, horticultural crops for instance fruit trees which need much water). However, fruit trees such as apples and pears need much water and show graftcompatibility on hawthorn rootstocks. Therefore, breeders and growers protect the stated problems with dry tolerant rootstocks, for example Crataegus, although, they have some difficulties on such rootstocks. Moreover, the genus Crataegus has some species, which could be cultivated commercially as a fruit tree, medicinal and ornamental plant and have much other usefulness (Sharafi et al., 2010). Crataegus is a complex group of trees and shrubs native to northern temperate zone with about 250 currently recognized species. Crataegus belongs to the *Corresponding author. E-mail: yavarsharafi@iaumaragheh.ac.ir. Tel: +989144200882. Fax: 984213254506. subfamily Maloideae in the Rosaceae with the ability to interbreed freely by 17 basal chromosome numbers. Around the world, hawthorns are used for a wide range of purposes. Many hawthorn species are grown for their edible fruits in Asia, Central America, and various Mediterranean countries. Some cultivars have been selected for improved frui...

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...us had a maximum germination percentage mean in medium without (or very low concentration) boric acid (data not shown). Therefore, this cheap medium can be used as a suitable medium for investigation of the hawthorn pollen germination, viability and longevity in the future breeding (tissue culture), orchard establishment (pollination studies such as artificial pollination, pollenpistil compatibility relationships of cultivars and genotypes, selecting suitable pollinizers, finding effective pollination period in fruit trees and etc) and commercial production programs (Sanzol and Herrero, 2001; Sharafi et al., 2009, 2010). Analysis of variance for pollen tube length (PTL) showed Table 1. Analysis of variance for pollen germination percentage (PGP) and pollen tube length (PTL based on micrometer) in ten studied genotypes of hawthorn in different studied in vitro media. Source of variation (SOV) DF PGP% PTL µm Media 6 784.7 ** 827.1 ** Experimental error 21 7.5 45 CV (%) 12.4 13.8 **: Significant at p < 0.01% level. Table 2. Comparison of means for PGP and PTL in studied genotypes of hawthorn in different in vitro media. Media% PGP PTL (µm) Sucrose 5 35.5 b 95.1 d Sucrose 10 32 b 141. 7 b Sucrose 15 31.7 ...

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...o growers and breeders to regard those crops need to little water (especially, horticultural crops for instance fruit trees which need much water). However, fruit trees such as apples and pears need much water and show graftcompatibility on hawthorn rootstocks. Therefore, breeders and growers protect the stated problems with dry tolerant rootstocks, for example Crataegus, although, they have some difficulties on such rootstocks. Moreover, the genus Crataegus has some species, which could be cultivated commercially as a fruit tree, medicinal and ornamental plant and have much other usefulness (Sharafi et al., 2010). Crataegus is a complex group of trees and shrubs native to northern temperate zone with about 250 currently recognized species. Crataegus belongs to the *Corresponding author. E-mail: yavarsharafi@iaumaragheh.ac.ir. Tel: +989144200882. Fax: 984213254506. subfamily Maloideae in the Rosaceae with the ability to interbreed freely by 17 basal chromosome numbers. Around the world, hawthorns are used for a wide range of purposes. Many hawthorn species are grown for their edible fruits in Asia, Central America, and various Mediterranean countries. Some cultivars have been selected for improved frui...