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... screen that included (1) demographic information; (2) a brief developmental history; (3) the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ; Rutter et al. 2003); and (4) the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; =-=Achenbach 1991-=-). Eligibility for the ASD group was established with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lord et al. 1994), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (Lord et al. 2003), and expert clinician judgme...

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...nd edition (Vineland-2; Sparrow et al. 2005); and (3) the social problems subscale of the CBCL. Children’s cognitive abilities were assessed with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; =-=Wechsler 1999-=-), which yielded an IQ composite and scores for verbal and performance ability. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) RSA data were collected via an electrocardiograph (ECG) signal, obtained through a th...

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...s 2001). Under proper stimulus conditions, parasympathetic efference to the heart can be indexed by RSA, defined as high frequency heart rate variability associated with respiration (Beauchaine 2001; =-=Berntson et al. 1997-=-). E. Neuhaus (&) R. Bernier Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA e-mail: eneuhaus@u.washington.edu T. P. Beauchaine Departm...

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...challenges (Porges 2001). Under proper stimulus conditions, parasympathetic efference to the heart can be indexed by RSA, defined as high frequency heart rate variability associated with respiration (=-=Beauchaine 2001-=-; Berntson et al. 1997). E. Neuhaus (&) R. Bernier Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357920, Seattle, WA 98195, USA e-mail: eneuhaus@u.washington.edu T....

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...uced RSA might be best conceptualized not solely as indicators of increased risk, but instead as indicators of increased neurobiological sensitivity to contextual factors, both positive and negative (=-=Boyce and Ellis 2005-=-; Ellis et al. 2011). This perspective describes a U-shaped function in which neurobiology influences an individual’s susceptibility to environmental factors at either extreme, such that highly sensit...

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... been investigated. This issue is particularly pertinent because children and adults with ASD exhibit higher levels of comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders than individuals without ASD (=-=Simonoff et al. 2008-=-), and these comorbid symptoms are often a significant focus of clinical intervention (Reaven et al. 2012) and psychiatric treatment (Coury et al. 2012). Our goal in conducting the current study was t...

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...ems within the central nervous system. According to this framework, the most advanced of these is mediated peripherally by the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), specifically the myelinated vagus (=-=Porges 2001-=-). Vagal control of organs including the heart, larynx, and pharynx allows the PNS substantial influence over socially-oriented behaviors such as facial gestures and vocalizations, and consequently in...

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... and behaviors, including social responsiveness, emotion recognition, peer engagement, spontaneous eye gazes, and receptive language, among both ASD and typically developing samples (Bal et al. 2010; =-=Eisenberg et al. 1995-=-; Fabes et al. 1993; Heilman et al. 2007; Henderson et al. 2004; Patriquin et al. 2013a, 2013b). To date, autonomic findings within the ASD literature have been interpreted within the context of Porge...

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...n, non-suicidal self-injury, ADHD, and conduct disorder have all been associated with reduced RSA and/or excessive RSA reactivity to emotional challenges (Beauchaine et al. 2001; Crowell et al. 2005; =-=Thayer et al. 1996-=-). Thus, deficiencies in RSA are not specific to ASDs, and appear to mark both social problems and emotion dysregulation across a wide range of conditions. Within the ASD literature, however, RSA has ...

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...), as well as within conceptualizations of RSA as a biomarker of emotion regulation (Beauchaine 2001). Not only do social and emotional processes appear to share evolutionary and physiological bases (=-=Porges 1999-=-), but they share ontogenetic underpinnings over the course of typical development (Denham and Grout 1993; Porges and Furman 2011). For instance, social interaction and engagement promote the developm...

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...ng social responsiveness, emotion recognition, peer engagement, spontaneous eye gazes, and receptive language, among both ASD and typically developing samples (Bal et al. 2010; Eisenberg et al. 1995; =-=Fabes et al. 1993-=-; Heilman et al. 2007; Henderson et al. 2004; Patriquin et al. 2013a, 2013b). To date, autonomic findings within the ASD literature have been interpreted within the context of Porges’s (2001) social e...

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...Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach 1991). Eligibility for the ASD group was established with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (Lord et al. 1994), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (=-=Lord et al. 2003-=-), and expert clinician judgment. The mean age of children with ASD was 119.9 months (SD = 13.2). The racial/ethnic composition of this group was 72.2 % Caucasian, 5.6 % Asian/Pacific Islander, 5.6 % ...

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... 2001). Not only do social and emotional processes appear to share evolutionary and physiological bases (Porges 1999), but they share ontogenetic underpinnings over the course of typical development (=-=Denham and Grout 1993-=-; Porges and Furman 2011). For instance, social interaction and engagement promote the development of emotion regulation among infants and young children (Coan 2010) and contribute to the implementati...

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...ition, peer engagement, spontaneous eye gazes, and receptive language, among both ASD and typically developing samples (Bal et al. 2010; Eisenberg et al. 1995; Fabes et al. 1993; Heilman et al. 2007; =-=Henderson et al. 2004-=-; Patriquin et al. 2013a, 2013b). To date, autonomic findings within the ASD literature have been interpreted within the context of Porges’s (2001) social engagement system theory, according to which ...

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...e, anxiety, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, ADHD, and conduct disorder have all been associated with reduced RSA and/or excessive RSA reactivity to emotional challenges (Beauchaine et al. 2001; =-=Crowell et al. 2005-=-; Thayer et al. 1996). Thus, deficiencies in RSA are not specific to ASDs, and appear to mark both social problems and emotion dysregulation across a wide range of conditions. Within the ASD literatur...

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...ute to the implementation of effective emotion regulation among older children and adults (Conner et al. 2012), with growing evidence of effects at both the behavioral and psychophysiological levels (=-=Beckes and Coan 2011-=-; Conner et al. 2012). Within the context of ASD, these findings speak to the value of intervention approaches that address social difficulties as well as emotional concerns in an integrated fashion. ...

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...in part to effective shaping of parasympathetic function. Taking a broader view of intervention across development, RSA is often viewed as a psychophysiological marker of vulnerability or resilience (=-=Shannon et al. 2007-=-), and the current study underscores its value as a marker of risk across diagnostic categories. Among children with familial and psychosocial risk factors such as marital conflict, parental psychopat...

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...d (2014) 44:730–737 731 123 age-normed standard score for social skills; (2) the Socialization score of the survey interview form of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, second edition (Vineland-2; =-=Sparrow et al. 2005-=-); and (3) the social problems subscale of the CBCL. Children’s cognitive abilities were assessed with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler 1999), which yielded an IQ composi...

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...ial and emotional processes appear to share evolutionary and physiological bases (Porges 1999), but they share ontogenetic underpinnings over the course of typical development (Denham and Grout 1993; =-=Porges and Furman 2011-=-). For instance, social interaction and engagement promote the development of emotion regulation among infants and young children (Coan 2010) and contribute to the implementation of effective emotion ...

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...of typical development (Denham and Grout 1993; Porges and Furman 2011). For instance, social interaction and engagement promote the development of emotion regulation among infants and young children (=-=Coan 2010-=-) and contribute to the implementation of effective emotion regulation among older children and adults (Conner et al. 2012), with growing evidence of effects at both the behavioral and psychophysiolog...

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... outcomes, with higher baseline scores predicting more positive social and emotional functioning, and lower baseline scores predicting internalizing and externalizing symptoms (El-Sheikh et al. 2011; =-=Leary and Katz 2004-=-; Shannon et al. 2007). Within this context, our findings of reductions in RSA relative to controls, and links between RSA and emotional functioning, highlight individuals with ASD as a group at heigh...

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...ng, RSA often moderates outcomes, with higher baseline scores predicting more positive social and emotional functioning, and lower baseline scores predicting internalizing and externalizing symptoms (=-=El-Sheikh et al. 2011-=-; Leary and Katz 2004; Shannon et al. 2007). Within this context, our findings of reductions in RSA relative to controls, and links between RSA and emotional functioning, highlight individuals with AS...

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... spontaneous eye gazes, and receptive language, among both ASD and typically developing samples (Bal et al. 2010; Eisenberg et al. 1995; Fabes et al. 1993; Heilman et al. 2007; Henderson et al. 2004; =-=Patriquin et al. 2013-=-a, 2013b). To date, autonomic findings within the ASD literature have been interpreted within the context of Porges’s (2001) social engagement system theory, according to which social behavior emerges...

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...cial engagement (Beauchaine 2001, 2007). Furthermore, both emotion dysregulation and attenuated RSA characterize a variety of clinical disorders spanning both internalizing and externalizing spectra (=-=Beauchaine and Gatzke-Kopp 2012-=-). For example, anxiety, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, ADHD, and conduct disorder have all been associated with reduced RSA and/or excessive RSA reactivity to emotional challenges (Beauchaine ...

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... behavior and aggressive behavior subscales. Both scales generate T-scores that were used for analyses. Parent-reported social skills were assessed via (1) the Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS; =-=Gresham and Elliott 2008-=-), on which parents rated the frequency of a variety of social behaviors on a 3-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 2 (very often), yielding an J Autism Dev Disord (2014) 44:730–737 731 123 age-norm...

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...eness, emotion recognition, peer engagement, spontaneous eye gazes, and receptive language, among both ASD and typically developing samples (Bal et al. 2010; Eisenberg et al. 1995; Fabes et al. 1993; =-=Heilman et al. 2007-=-; Henderson et al. 2004; Patriquin et al. 2013a, 2013b). To date, autonomic findings within the ASD literature have been interpreted within the context of Porges’s (2001) social engagement system theo...

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... spontaneous eye gazes, and receptive language, among both ASD and typically developing samples (Bal et al. 2010; Eisenberg et al. 1995; Fabes et al. 1993; Heilman et al. 2007; Henderson et al. 2004; =-=Patriquin et al. 2013-=-a, 2013b). To date, autonomic findings within the ASD literature have been interpreted within the context of Porges’s (2001) social engagement system theory, according to which social behavior emerges...

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...gement promote the development of emotion regulation among infants and young children (Coan 2010) and contribute to the implementation of effective emotion regulation among older children and adults (=-=Conner et al. 2012-=-), with growing evidence of effects at both the behavioral and psychophysiological levels (Beckes and Coan 2011; Conner et al. 2012). Within the context of ASD, these findings speak to the value of in...

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...izing disorders than individuals without ASD (Simonoff et al. 2008), and these comorbid symptoms are often a significant focus of clinical intervention (Reaven et al. 2012) and psychiatric treatment (=-=Coury et al. 2012-=-). Our goal in conducting the current study was to enhance understanding of relations among RSA, social skills, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with and without ASD. In partic...

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...ative to those with typical development. Compared to controls, children with ASD show lower RSA at rest, as well as altered patterns of RSA reactivity during social engagement tasks (Bal et al. 2010; =-=Porges et al. 2012-=-; Vaughan Van Hecke et al. 2009). Moreover, RSA correlates with a variety of social skills and behaviors, including social responsiveness, emotion recognition, peer engagement, spontaneous eye gazes, ...