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...ur have been applied within the PA domain, such as theshealth belief model (e.g., Becker et al., 1977), transtheoretical model (e.g., Prochaska &sDiClemente, 1983), and social cognitive theory (e.g., =-=Bandura, 1986-=-). Although these modelssgive some consideration to the role of benefits and barriers to performing a given behaviour,sthey tend to ignore the role of social influences on behavioural performance. The...

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...e study,sa reflexive journal was kept by the interviewer in which key ideas expressed, comparisonssand contrasts among the interviews, and possible refinement of questions were recordeds(Ahern, 1999; =-=Lincoln & Guba, 1985-=-).sData analysissThe individual and group discussions were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysedsusing thematic content analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Joffe & Yardley, 2004) in whichsbroad categor...

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...consideration to the role of benefits and barriers to performing a given behaviour,sthey tend to ignore the role of social influences on behavioural performance. The theory ofsplanned behaviour (TPB; =-=Ajzen, 1991-=-), the most common decision-making model that hassguided the majority of the research in the health (see Conner & Sparks, 2005) and PA (seesHagger, Chatzisarantis, & Biddle, 2002) domains, acknowledge...

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... providing a meanssof triangulating data obtained via the different interview methods (Patton, 2002). Toseliminate the potential of gender differences influencing the sharing within group interviewss(=-=Krueger & Casey, 2000-=-), homogenous groups in relation to gender were formed. Interviews,stherefore, were separated into male and female groups.sTo guide the interviews, a semi-structured discussion/interview guide was dev...

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...ement of questions were recordeds(Ahern, 1999; Lincoln & Guba, 1985).sData analysissThe individual and group discussions were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysedsusing thematic content analysis (=-=Braun & Clarke, 2006-=-; Joffe & Yardley, 2004) in whichsbroad categories were identified and coded according to the research questions. The broadsconcepts were refined into themes from patterns in the data and from concept...

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...rom concepts whichsfrequently occurred across categories and sessions. An iterative process was used with datasbeing coded and recoded to accommodate new emerging themes until no new themes resulteds(=-=Miles & Huberman, 1994-=-; Strauss, 1987) and two final group interviews (one male and ones10 female) confirmed previously emerging themes and ensured that theoretical saturation hadsbeen attained (Miles & Huberman, 1994). To...

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...atus, education level, employment status, and level of physical activity.sParticipants were recruited via snowball sampling (Patton, 2002), with sample size beingsdependent on theoretical saturation (=-=Strauss, 1987-=-).sThe sample (N = 40) included both females (n = 21) and males (n = 19) who were allsindependent of each other (i.e., participants were not in a couple relationship). The parentsswere all Caucasian a...

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... parents would comparesthemselves to in relation to their activity performance, the finding might be consideredsconsistent with a social identity (Hogg & Abrams, 1988) and self-categorization theorys(=-=Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987-=-) perspective. Thus, the explicit or implicitsprescriptions regarding one’s appropriate attitudes and behaviours as a member of a specificsreference group in a specific context (White, Hogg, & Terry, ...

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... South EastsQueensland, Australia. The study was approved ethical clearance by the University HumansResearch Ethics Committee (reference number 0800000516).sParticipantssA purposeful sampling method (=-=Patton, 2002-=-) was used to recruit individuals aged 18syears and over who were parents of at least one child younger than 5 years of age. Parentss7 were excluded if they were pregnant and/or had a medical conditio...

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...nsistent with previous research (Symons Downs & Hausenblas, 2005), and suggests thatspreventative intervention work should target action at different social ecological levels ofshealth promotion (see =-=McLeroy et al., 1988-=-). At the individual level, health promoters couldshighlight PA as fun, enhancing energy levels to combat fatigue and lack of energy, and costseffective with activities such as brisk walking cited as ...

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...ts of young children was often described as the group parents would comparesthemselves to in relation to their activity performance, the finding might be consideredsconsistent with a social identity (=-=Hogg & Abrams, 1988-=-) and self-categorization theorys(Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987) perspective. Thus, the explicit or implicitsprescriptions regarding one’s appropriate attitudes and behaviours as a m...

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...er sometimes engaged in PA (17 out of 40), rarely engaged in PA ( 5 out of 40), or neversengage in PA (1 out of 40).sDesign and ProceduresThe study employed a qualitative descriptive research design (=-=Sandelowski, 2000-=-)sinvolving individual and group interviews. In total, 27 interviews including eight groupsdiscussions and 19 individual interviews were conducted with the size of the groupsinterviews ranging from tw...

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...e recordeds(Ahern, 1999; Lincoln & Guba, 1985).sData analysissThe individual and group discussions were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysedsusing thematic content analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006; =-=Joffe & Yardley, 2004-=-) in whichsbroad categories were identified and coded according to the research questions. The broadsconcepts were refined into themes from patterns in the data and from concepts whichsfrequently occu...

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...rformance. The theory ofsplanned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991), the most common decision-making model that hassguided the majority of the research in the health (see Conner & Sparks, 2005) and PA (sees=-=Hagger, Chatzisarantis, & Biddle, 2002-=-) domains, acknowledges the role of social influencessalong with advantages and barriers for behavioural performance. Given that parents aresembedded within various social networks (e.g., family unit,...

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... This finding is consistent with the descriptive norm component of the TPBsin which the perceptions of others’ behaviours are considered important in determiningspeople’s behavioural performance (see =-=Rivis & Sheeran, 2003-=-). Alternatively, given thatsother parents of young children was often described as the group parents would comparesthemselves to in relation to their activity performance, the finding might be consid...

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... & Bianchi, 2004). However, research into understanding parental PA is scarce.sThus, there is currently little evidence to base interventions for increasing PA among thissspecific at-risk population (=-=Bauman, Bellow, Vita, Brown, & Owen, 2002-=-; Bellows-Rieckens& Rhodes, 2008). Furthermore, there is a gap in the literature applying theoretical approachess4 to the understanding of parental PA. If PA is to be promoted as a way of improving pa...

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...lopedsaccording to TPB guidelines (see Ajzen, 2006). The questions were designed to stimulatesdiscussion about parents’ PA beliefs and probe questions were used to gain rich and detailedsinformation (=-=Krueger, 1998-=-). The questions included:s1. Behavioural Beliefss What do you see as the advantages of your doing regular moderate physical activity?s What do you see as the disadvantages of your doing regular mod...

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...uration of the study,sa reflexive journal was kept by the interviewer in which key ideas expressed, comparisonssand contrasts among the interviews, and possible refinement of questions were recordeds(=-=Ahern, 1999-=-; Lincoln & Guba, 1985).sData analysissThe individual and group discussions were transcribed verbatim. Data were analysedsusing thematic content analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006; Joffe & Yardley, 2004) ...

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... 2009).sSeveral theoretical approaches that examine the mechanisms underpinning thesdecision-making for health behaviour have been applied within the PA domain, such as theshealth belief model (e.g., =-=Becker et al., 1977-=-), transtheoretical model (e.g., Prochaska &sDiClemente, 1983), and social cognitive theory (e.g., Bandura, 1986). Although these modelssgive some consideration to the role of benefits and barriers to...

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...social influences on behavioural performance. The theory ofsplanned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991), the most common decision-making model that hassguided the majority of the research in the health (see =-=Conner & Sparks, 2005-=-) and PA (seesHagger, Chatzisarantis, & Biddle, 2002) domains, acknowledges the role of social influencessalong with advantages and barriers for behavioural performance. Given that parents aresembedde...

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... The beliefs that best discriminate between those mothers and fathersswho perform regular activity and those who do not can then be considered for use in resultantsintervention work (see Ajzen, 2006; =-=Sutton, 2002-=-). Thus, given that effective TPB-basedsprograms of behavioural intervention rests on the accurate measurement of its indirectsvariables (i.e., attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural con...

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...her, & Wetherell, 1987) perspective. Thus, the explicit or implicitsprescriptions regarding one’s appropriate attitudes and behaviours as a member of a specificsreference group in a specific context (=-=White, Hogg, & Terry, 2002-=-) are considered influentialsfor one’s behavioural decision-making and is consistent with research in the PA domains(Hamilton & White, 2008). Therefore, considering the influence of descriptive norms ...

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...isation of the perceived difficulty (otherwise termed self efficacy) component ofsperceived behavioural control have suggested that the concept overlaps with the affectivescomponent of attitudes (see =-=Kraft, Rise, Sutton, & Røysamb, 2005-=-). Given that enjoyment issconsidered to encompass the affective determinant of global attitudes toward a givens19 behaviour (see Ajzen, 1991), in this study the identification of enjoyment as both an...

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...ber of a specificsreference group in a specific context (White, Hogg, & Terry, 2002) are considered influentialsfor one’s behavioural decision-making and is consistent with research in the PA domains(=-=Hamilton & White, 2008-=-). Therefore, considering the influence of descriptive norms or,smore specifically, the influence of ingroup norms such as the normative influence of othersparents with young children on parents’ PA, ...

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...yre & Rhodes,s2009) and fathers’ (Burton & Turrell, 2000) PA-related behaviour. Additionally, researchssuggests that parents of young children (i.e., younger than five years of age) are most at risks(=-=Nomaguchi & Bianchi, 2004-=-). However, research into understanding parental PA is scarce.sThus, there is currently little evidence to base interventions for increasing PA among thissspecific at-risk population (Bauman, Bellow, ...

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... children (see Rhodes, Blanchard, & Blacklock,s2008) where it is suggested that younger children, as opposed to older children, require moresparental time to attend to their care and attention needs (=-=Bellows-Riecken & Rhodes, 2008-=-).sGiven that research investigating mothers’ PA found that current PA recommendations cansbe met if one spends just one fifth of ‘sitting’ leisure time engaged in moderate activitys(NSW Health, 2003)...

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... behaviour within defined population groups. Recent researchssuggests that parents with dependent children are a group at risk for inactivity (BellowsRiecken & Rhodes, 2008), affecting both mothers’ (=-=Bell & Lee, 2005-=-; McIntyre & Rhodes,s2009) and fathers’ (Burton & Turrell, 2000) PA-related behaviour. Additionally, researchssuggests that parents of young children (i.e., younger than five years of age) are most at...

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...rchssuggests that parents with dependent children are a group at risk for inactivity (BellowsRiecken & Rhodes, 2008), affecting both mothers’ (Bell & Lee, 2005; McIntyre & Rhodes,s2009) and fathers’ (=-=Burton & Turrell, 2000-=-) PA-related behaviour. Additionally, researchssuggests that parents of young children (i.e., younger than five years of age) are most at risks(Nomaguchi & Bianchi, 2004). However, research into under...

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...kingsand are consistent with research suggesting that being active may have positive effects onsparenting practices such as helping to cope with the challenges of being a parent (Lewis &sRidge, 2005; =-=Sampselle, Seng, Yeo, Killion, & Oakley, 1999-=-).sA range of people (e.g., family members and friends) was identified as sources ofspressure for being regularly active, which is consistent with previous research (SymonssDowns & Hausenblas, 2005). ...

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...d flexible opportunities for activity performance. Time, however, was identified assthe biggest inhibitor for both sexes. Time is consistently identified in the literature assimpeding PA performance (=-=McIntyre & Rhodes, 2009-=-; Symons Downs & Hausenblas, 2005);showever, little is known of the reasons for this lack of time. Distinctive to this population, thescurrent study identified that commitments to children, in particu...

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...wide range of ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, the snowball recruitmentsmethod might have resulted in a sample bias as participants might have similar perceptions tosthe individuals recruiting them (=-=Brace-Govan, 2004-=-); however, consideration was given tosobtain an information rich sample. Finally, the aim of the study was to establish a broadersbase of underlying beliefs that is generalisable to the target popula...

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... Rhodes, 2008).sGiven that research investigating mothers’ PA found that current PA recommendations cansbe met if one spends just one fifth of ‘sitting’ leisure time engaged in moderate activitys(NSW =-=Health, 2003-=-), health promoters should focus on helping parents identify ways to besactive in this time.sAdditionally, the results show evidence to suggest that an inherent enjoyment for thesbehaviour is also mot...

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...explains, “I enjoy it, I really do enjoy it.”s<insert Table 1 about here>sDiscussionsThe literature has established that underlying beliefs play an important role in healthsbehaviour decision-making (=-=Dunn et al., 2008-=-; Foraker et al., 2005; Mason & White, 2008)sincluding PA (Hamilton & White, 2007; Hardy & Grogan, 2009), and this study shows thatsunderlying beliefs are also important to consider for parents of you...

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...it, I really do enjoy it.”s<insert Table 1 about here>sDiscussionsThe literature has established that underlying beliefs play an important role in healthsbehaviour decision-making (Dunn et al., 2008; =-=Foraker et al., 2005-=-; Mason & White, 2008)sincluding PA (Hamilton & White, 2007; Hardy & Grogan, 2009), and this study shows thatsunderlying beliefs are also important to consider for parents of young children. Research ...

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...scussionsThe literature has established that underlying beliefs play an important role in healthsbehaviour decision-making (Dunn et al., 2008; Foraker et al., 2005; Mason & White, 2008)sincluding PA (=-=Hamilton & White, 2007-=-; Hardy & Grogan, 2009), and this study shows thatsunderlying beliefs are also important to consider for parents of young children. Research and,sin particular, theoretical approaches to the understan...

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...has established that underlying beliefs play an important role in healthsbehaviour decision-making (Dunn et al., 2008; Foraker et al., 2005; Mason & White, 2008)sincluding PA (Hamilton & White, 2007; =-=Hardy & Grogan, 2009-=-), and this study shows thatsunderlying beliefs are also important to consider for parents of young children. Research and,sin particular, theoretical approaches to the understanding of parental PA ar...

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...r)s(Ajzen, 1991). The belief basis of the TPB has been used successfully to understand PArelated behaviour within defined population groups including adolescent (Hamilton & White,s2007), older adult (=-=Conn, Tripp-Reimer, & Maas, 2003-=-), and clinical populations (White,sTerry, Troup, & Rempel, 2007) in which the belief-based components of the TPB havessignificantly predicted PA behaviour.sThe aim of this study is to explore the bel...

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...ve living’.sThese initiatives are illustrated in campaigns and publications such as “Be Active Australia:sA framework for Health Sector Action for Physical Activity 2005-2010” (National PublicsHealth =-=Partnership, 2005-=-), and “An active way to better health: National physical activitysguidelines for adults (Australian Government Department of Health and Aging, 2004).sDespite these current action plans, over the last...

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...it.”s<insert Table 1 about here>sDiscussionsThe literature has established that underlying beliefs play an important role in healthsbehaviour decision-making (Dunn et al., 2008; Foraker et al., 2005; =-=Mason & White, 2008-=-)sincluding PA (Hamilton & White, 2007; Hardy & Grogan, 2009), and this study shows thatsunderlying beliefs are also important to consider for parents of young children. Research and,sin particular, t...

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...toward a given behaviour) within the TPB have shown an attenuationseffect in the attitude-intention relationship from people with higher levels of ambivalencescompared to those with lower levels (see =-=Sparks, Conner, James, Shepherd, & Povey, 2001-=-);sthus, it might be useful for future research to explore the concept of normative ambivalencesand the effect it might have on the subjective norm-intention relationship.sIn addition to social pressu...