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... the third step of Figure 2. Instead of randomly generating assertions, our oracle generation uses a mutation-based process. Mutation testing is typically used to evaluate the quality of a test suite =-=[21]-=-, or to generate test cases that kill mutants [13]. In our approach, we adopt mutation testing to (1) reduce the number of assertions automatically generated, (2) target critical and error-prone porti...

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...(DOM) make JavaScript applications errorprone [1] and difficult to test. Researchers have recently developed automated test generation techniques for JavaScript-based applications [2], [3], [4], [5], =-=[6]-=-. However, current web test generation techniques suffer from two main shortcomings, namely, they: 1) Target the generation of event sequences, which operate at the event-level or DOM-level to cover t...

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...irected testing. In this paper, we quantitatively compare our approach with that of ARTEMIS (Section V). Oracle generation. There has been limited work on oracle generation for testing. Fraser et al. =-=[13]-=- propose µTEST, which employs a mutant-based oracle generation technique. It automatically generates unit tests for Java object-oriented classes by using a genetic algorithm to target mutations with h...

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...ect Model (DOM) make JavaScript applications errorprone [1] and difficult to test. Researchers have recently developed automated test generation techniques for JavaScript-based applications [2], [3], =-=[4]-=-, [5], [6]. However, current web test generation techniques suffer from two main shortcomings, namely, they: 1) Target the generation of event sequences, which operate at the event-level or DOM-level ...

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...sion and 70% recall. II. RELATED WORK Web application testing. Marchetto and Tonella [3] propose a search-based algorithm for generating event-based sequences to test Ajax applications. Mesbah et al. =-=[9]-=- apply dynamic analysis to construct a model of the application’s state space, from which event-based test cases are automatically generated. In subsequent work [5], they propose generic and applicati...

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...cument Object Model (DOM) make JavaScript applications errorprone [1] and difficult to test. Researchers have recently developed automated test generation techniques for JavaScript-based applications =-=[2]-=-, [3], [4], [5], [6]. However, current web test generation techniques suffer from two main shortcomings, namely, they: 1) Target the generation of event sequences, which operate at the event-level or ...

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...er, the generated differences are in the form of controllable mutations that can be used to generate test cases capable of detecting regression faults in future versions of the program. Staats et al. =-=[17]-=- address the problem of selecting oracle data, which is formed as a subset of internal state variables as well as outputs for which the expected values are determined. They apply mutation testing to p...

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...ication’s behaviour. They further identify [14] relevant pre-conditions on the test inputs and post-conditions on the outputs to ease human comprehension. Differential test case generation approaches =-=[15]-=-, [16] are similar to mutation-based techniques in that they aim to generate test cases that show the difference between two versions of a program. However, mutation-based techniques such as ours, do ...

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...chnique. It automatically generates unit tests for Java object-oriented classes by using a genetic algorithm to target mutations with high impact on the application’s behaviour. They further identify =-=[14]-=- relevant pre-conditions on the test inputs and post-conditions on the outputs to ease human comprehension. Differential test case generation approaches [15], [16] are similar to mutation-based techni...

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...odel (DOM) make JavaScript applications errorprone [1] and difficult to test. Researchers have recently developed automated test generation techniques for JavaScript-based applications [2], [3], [4], =-=[5]-=-, [6]. However, current web test generation techniques suffer from two main shortcomings, namely, they: 1) Target the generation of event sequences, which operate at the event-level or DOM-level to co...

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...es for testing AJAX applications. Our earlier work, JSART [10], automatically infers program invariants from JavaScript execution traces and uses them as regression assertions in the code. Sen et al. =-=[11]-=- recently proposed a record and replay framework called Jalangi. It incorporates selective record-replay as well as shadow values and shadow execution to enable writing of heavy-weight dynamic analyse...

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...n’s behaviour. They further identify [14] relevant pre-conditions on the test inputs and post-conditions on the outputs to ease human comprehension. Differential test case generation approaches [15], =-=[16]-=- are similar to mutation-based techniques in that they aim to generate test cases that show the difference between two versions of a program. However, mutation-based techniques such as ours, do not re...

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... and time-consuming. Further, the event-driven and highly dynamic nature of JavaScript, as well as its runtime interaction with the Document Object Model (DOM) make JavaScript applications errorprone =-=[1]-=- and difficult to test. Researchers have recently developed automated test generation techniques for JavaScript-based applications [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. However, current web test generation techniq...

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...are automatically generated. In subsequent work [5], they propose generic and applicationspecific invariants as a form of automated soft oracles for testing AJAX applications. Our earlier work, JSART =-=[10]-=-, automatically infers program invariants from JavaScript execution traces and uses them as regression assertions in the code. Sen et al. [11] recently proposed a record and replay framework called Ja...

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...n-level states needed for test generation. Finally, it automatically generates test oracles, through a mutation-based algorithm. A preliminary version of this work appeared in a short New Ideas paper =-=[7]-=-. In this current paper, we present the complete technique with conceptually significant improvements, including detailed new algorithms (Algorithms 1–2), a fully-functional tool implementation, and a...

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...cution to enable writing of heavy-weight dynamic analyses. The framework is able to track generic faults such as null and undefined values as well as type inconsistencies in JavaScript. Jensen et al. =-=[12]-=- propose a technique to test the correctness of communication patterns between client and server in AJAX applications by incorporating server interface descriptions. They construct server interface de...

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... DOM assertions for the state AfterEvDOMSt and the triggered event Ev. Function-level test oracles. To seed code level faults, we use our recently developed JavaScript mutation testing tool, MUTANDIS =-=[22]-=-. Mutations generated by MUTANDIS are selected through a function rank metric, which ranks functions in terms of their relative importance from the application’s behaviour point of view. The mutation ...