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...from the different perspectives of different methods and paradigms.sTo increase the scope of inquiry by selectingsthe methods most appropriate for multiplesinquiry components.sKey theoretical sourcess=-=Campbell & Fiske, 1959-=-sCook, 1985sDenzin, 1978sShotland & Mark, 1987sWebbetal., 1966sGreene, 1987sGreene & McClintock, 1985sMark & Shotland, 1987sRossman & Wilson, 1985sMadey, 1982sSieber, 1973sKidder & Fine, 1987sRossman ...

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...ethod work.sThe inevitable organizational, political,sand interpersonal challenges of programsevaluation mandate the use of multiple toolssfrom evaluators' full methodological repertoire (Cook, 1985; =-=Mathison, 1988-=-). In recent years, this repertoire has been considerably expanded with the acceptance ofsqualitative methods as appropriate, legitimate, and even preferred for a wide range ofsevaluation settings and...

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...tability of assessments of a single phenomenon—for example, via broader content coverage or alternate levels of analysis.sMixing methods and paradigms. (SeesGuba & Lincoln, 1984; Kidder & Fine,s1987; =-=Reichardt & Cook, 1979-=-; Rossman &sWilson, 1985; Smith, 1983; Smith &Heshusius, 1986.) This set of references was selected primarily for their common discussion of the following design issue: Aresmixed-method evaluation des...

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...ssman & Wilson, 1985,spp. 637 and 633).sMixed-method design strategies. (SeesGreene, 1987; Greene &McClintock, 1985;sKnapp, 1979; Madey, 1982; Mark & Shotland, 1987; Maxwell, Bashook, & Sandlow,s1986;=-=Sieber, 1973-=-; Trend, 1979.) This moresdiverse set of references was reviewed primarily for additional ideas on alternativesmixed-method purposes and on design characteristics that may differentiate amongsthese pu...

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...htful and constructive comments onsthe work presented herein, both at the conferencesand in subsequent personal communicationss(Mark, 1988).semploying both quantitative and qualitativesmethods (e.g., =-=Cook & Reichardt, 1979-=-;sMadey, 1982; Rossman & Wilson, 1985;sSmith & Louis, 1982). However, the territory of mixed-method designs remainsslargely uncharted. Of particular need is asclear differentiation of alternative purp...

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...ats to validity, or to enhance the interpretability of assessments of a single phenomenon—for example, via broader content coverage or alternate levels of analysis.sMixing methods and paradigms. (Sees=-=Guba & Lincoln, 1984-=-; Kidder & Fine,s1987; Reichardt & Cook, 1979; Rossman &sWilson, 1985; Smith, 1983; Smith &Heshusius, 1986.) This set of references was selected primarily for their common discussion of the following ...

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...e work presented herein, both at the conferencesand in subsequent personal communicationss(Mark, 1988).semploying both quantitative and qualitativesmethods (e.g., Cook & Reichardt, 1979;sMadey, 1982; =-=Rossman & Wilson, 1985-=-;sSmith & Louis, 1982). However, the territory of mixed-method designs remainsslargely uncharted. Of particular need is asclear differentiation of alternative purposessfor mixing qualitative and quant...

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...ther mixed-method work.sThe inevitable organizational, political,sand interpersonal challenges of programsevaluation mandate the use of multiple toolssfrom evaluators' full methodological repertoire (=-=Cook, 1985-=-; Mathison, 1988). In recent years, this repertoire has been considerably expanded with the acceptance ofsqualitative methods as appropriate, legitimate, and even preferred for a wide range ofsevaluat...

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...e work presented herein, both at the conferencesand in subsequent personal communicationss(Mark, 1988).semploying both quantitative and qualitativesmethods (e.g., Cook & Reichardt, 1979;sMadey, 1982; =-=Rossman & Wilson, 1985-=-;sSmith & Louis, 1982). However, the territory of mixed-method designs remainsslargely uncharted. Of particular need is asclear differentiation of alternative purposessfor mixing qualitative and quant...

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...urcessCampbell & Fiske, 1959sCook, 1985sDenzin, 1978sShotland & Mark, 1987sWebbetal., 1966sGreene, 1987sGreene & McClintock, 1985sMark & Shotland, 1987sRossman & Wilson, 1985sMadey, 1982sSieber, 1973s=-=Kidder & Fine, 1987-=-sRossman & Wilson, 1985sMadey, 1982sMark & Shotland, 1987sSieber, 1973s259sat UNIV OF ILLINOIS URBANA on January 20, 2010 http://eepa.aera.netDownloaded fromsGreene, Caracelli, and Grahamsmixing metho...

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...his [initiation] design searches forsthe provocative" (Rossman & Wilson, 1985,spp. 637 and 633).sMixed-method design strategies. (SeesGreene, 1987; Greene &McClintock, 1985;sKnapp, 1979; Madey, 1982; =-=Mark & Shotland, 1987-=-; Maxwell, Bashook, & Sandlow,s1986;Sieber, 1973; Trend, 1979.) This moresdiverse set of references was reviewed primarily for additional ideas on alternativesmixed-method purposes and on design chara...

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...lar need is asclear differentiation of alternative purposessfor mixing qualitative and quantitativesmethods and of alternative designs, analysissstrategies, and contexts appropriate for eachspurpose (=-=Greene & McClintock, 1985-=-). Forsexample, in current practice, quite differentsmixed-method designs are advocated andsused in varied evaluation contexts for thescommon proclaimed purpose of triangulation. Such practice muddles...

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...ame conceptual phenomenon, be thereforesimplemented simultaneously, and, to preserve their counteracting biases, also be implemented independently.sMultiplism. (See Cook, 1985; Mark &sShotland, 1987; =-=Shotland & Mark, 1987-=-.)sThomas Cook's critical multiplism acknowledges the decreased authority of social science theory and data in a postpositivistsworld and then seeks to reaffirm andsstrengthen the validity of, and the...

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... theoretical starting points, selected forstheir conceptual attention to one or more ofsthe key issues represented in our mixedmethod conceptual framework.sTriangulation. (See Campbell & Fiske,s1959; =-=Denzin, 1978-=-; Webb, Campbell,sSchwartz, & Sechrest, 1966; see also Mathison, 1988, for an excellent discussion ofstriangulation from these same sources.)sFrom its classic sources, triangulation referssto the desi...

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...g confirmatory evidence, this [initiation] design searches forsthe provocative" (Rossman & Wilson, 1985,spp. 637 and 633).sMixed-method design strategies. (SeesGreene, 1987; Greene &McClintock, 1985;s=-=Knapp, 1979-=-; Madey, 1982; Mark & Shotland, 1987; Maxwell, Bashook, & Sandlow,s1986;Sieber, 1973; Trend, 1979.) This moresdiverse set of references was reviewed primarily for additional ideas on alternativesmixed...

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...ethods, this rationale matched one or more ofsthese five purposes. Hence, we offer this setsof purposes as representing both the practicesand potential of mixed-method evaluationsstrategies (see also =-=Smith, 1986-=-) and as progress toward a common parlance for conceptualizing and describing mixed-method rationales in program evaluation.2sIn the empirical review, mixed-methodspurposes were tabulated both accordi...

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..., 1985,spp. 637 and 633).sMixed-method design strategies. (SeesGreene, 1987; Greene &McClintock, 1985;sKnapp, 1979; Madey, 1982; Mark & Shotland, 1987; Maxwell, Bashook, & Sandlow,s1986;Sieber, 1973; =-=Trend, 1979-=-.) This moresdiverse set of references was reviewed primarily for additional ideas on alternativesmixed-method purposes and on design characteristics that may differentiate amongsthese purposes. Build...

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... both at the conferencesand in subsequent personal communicationss(Mark, 1988).semploying both quantitative and qualitativesmethods (e.g., Cook & Reichardt, 1979;sMadey, 1982; Rossman & Wilson, 1985;s=-=Smith & Louis, 1982-=-). However, the territory of mixed-method designs remainsslargely uncharted. Of particular need is asclear differentiation of alternative purposessfor mixing qualitative and quantitativesmethods and o...

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...ingfully and effectively. Even in the stronger expansion studies reviewed, the qualitative and quantitativesmethods were kept separate throughoutsmost phases of the inquiry. The term parallelsdesign (=-=Louis, 1981-=-) may appear more appropriate. Yet, we prefer the term expansionsbecause we believe it more accurately reflects the "multitask" intent of such studiessin Cook's multiplism framework.4 We alsosbelieve ...

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...or example, via broader content coverage or alternate levels of analysis.sMixing methods and paradigms. (SeesGuba & Lincoln, 1984; Kidder & Fine,s1987; Reichardt & Cook, 1979; Rossman &sWilson, 1985; =-=Smith, 1983-=-; Smith &Heshusius, 1986.) This set of references was selected primarily for their common discussion of the following design issue: Aresmixed-method evaluation designs, in whichsthe qualitative and qu...

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... of the creative leapsRather than seeking confirmatory evidence, this [initiation] design searches forsthe provocative" (Rossman & Wilson, 1985,spp. 637 and 633).sMixed-method design strategies. (Sees=-=Greene, 1987-=-; Greene &McClintock, 1985;sKnapp, 1979; Madey, 1982; Mark & Shotland, 1987; Maxwell, Bashook, & Sandlow,s1986;Sieber, 1973; Trend, 1979.) This moresdiverse set of references was reviewed primarily fo...

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...elvessmust be [first] done naturalistically. (Grays& Costello, 1987, p. 12) [development]sQualitative in addition to quantitativesmethods were included so the evaluationscould "tell the full story." (=-=Hall, 1981-=-, p.s127) [expansion]sThe whole is greater than the sum of thesparts when qualitative and quantitative approaches and methods are combined.s(Smith, 1986, p. 37) [initiation]sThe horizontal lines formi...

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...on in New Orleans. The authors are indebted to Melvin Marksfor his insightful and constructive comments onsthe work presented herein, both at the conferencesand in subsequent personal communicationss(=-=Mark, 1988-=-).semploying both quantitative and qualitativesmethods (e.g., Cook & Reichardt, 1979;sMadey, 1982; Rossman & Wilson, 1985;sSmith & Louis, 1982). However, the territory of mixed-method designs remainss...

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...sOverall, the methodologies used confirmedsthat any paper-and-pencil instrumentsought to be supplemented by qualitativesmethods. This would enrich and providesdepth to the statistical data obtained. (=-=Martin, 1987-=-, pp. 14-15) [complementarity]sQuantitative methods can establish the degree to which perceptions are shared, butsuncovering the perceptions themselvessmust be [first] done naturalistically. (Grays& C...

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...valuation of a physical education project, "thesdata were examined . . . and presented employing the processes of triangulation andscorroboration in order to arrive at valid andsreliable statements" (=-=Moody, 1982-=-, Abstract). Additional illustrations of this diagonal, or instances of our mixed-method purposes in evaluation practice, follow.sThe evaluation instruments were designedsto give overlapping [compleme...

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...es in evaluation practice, follow.sThe evaluation instruments were designedsto give overlapping [complementarity] andscross checking [triangulation] assessmentssof the perceptions of those involved. (=-=Peters, Marshall, & Shaw, 1986-=-, p. 16)sOverall, the methodologies used confirmedsthat any paper-and-pencil instrumentsought to be supplemented by qualitativesmethods. This would enrich and providesdepth to the statistical data obt...