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...se of the connectivestissue of mice to Pm over a period of 60 days and, again,sbiocompatibility results were favorable. Titanium is considered to be an inert material; authorsssuch as Van Noort et al.=-=[21]-=- have extensively demonstrated itssapplicability in medical grade alloys since mid-20th century.sAlloys of Ti have been widely used as bone substitutes, insimplantable materials in the human body such...

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...l was administered intramuscularly at the dose of 1 mg/kg according to the analgesia protocol,swith duration of 12-24 hours[12].sAnesthesiasThe animals were anesthetized as recommended by Radde et al.=-=[13]-=-, using ketamine and xylazine (87 and 13 mg/kg,srespectively), both administered intraperitoneally.sOperative technique Following anesthesia, each animal was placed in the pronesposition and its hair ...

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...articipation in the experimentalssurgeries; drafting of the manuscriptsAuthors’ roles & responsibilities common among polymers, which prompted researchers tosuse titanium for this purpose. Dias et al.=-=[20]-=- conducted a studyswith four capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), wherein thesinvestigators placed a Pm implant in a bone defect previously created in thesnasal dorsum of the animals; later, theshistologi...

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...or oil polymer with added calcium carbonatesPVP-I Polyvinylpirrolidone-iodine solutionsTi Titanium INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular diseases remain as the leading cause ofsmorbidity and mortality worldwide=-=[1]-=-. As life expectancy increases, the prevalence of these comorbidities is expected tosbecome even greater. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is onesof these diseases and accounts for an average of 400,000...

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...alence of these comorbidities is expected tosbecome even greater. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is onesof these diseases and accounts for an average of 400,000 newscases per year in the United States=-=[2]-=-.sEnd-stage CHF is a clinical condition for which fewstherapeutic options exist. Heart transplant is still an optionsin advanced CHF; however, it is a limited course of actionsdue to the small number ...

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...herapeutic supportsfor patients in cardiogenic shock or end-stage heart failure[4,5].sIn 1997, we began to develop an affordable CAD for thesBrazilian public health system. We conducted tests in vitro=-=[3]-=- andsdesigned a device made of titanium, as is the great majority ofssuch devices available worldwide. Experimental studies in vivoswith sheep were performed and proved the efficacy of the device.sIn ...

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... Circulatory Assist Device (CAD). These devices, which are analogous to a humansheart, are today a key component of the therapeutic supportsfor patients in cardiogenic shock or end-stage heart failure=-=[4,5]-=-.sIn 1997, we began to develop an affordable CAD for thesBrazilian public health system. We conducted tests in vitro[3] andsdesigned a device made of titanium, as is the great majority ofssuch devices...

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... Circulatory Assist Device (CAD). These devices, which are analogous to a humansheart, are today a key component of the therapeutic supportsfor patients in cardiogenic shock or end-stage heart failure=-=[4,5]-=-.sIn 1997, we began to develop an affordable CAD for thesBrazilian public health system. We conducted tests in vitro[3] andsdesigned a device made of titanium, as is the great majority ofssuch devices...

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...e made of titanium, as is the great majority ofssuch devices available worldwide. Experimental studies in vivoswith sheep were performed and proved the efficacy of the device.sIn 2011, Kubrusly et al.=-=[6]-=- initiated studies with a biocompatiblesmaterial of national origin for the prospective production of aslower-cost device‒this marked the beginning of the studies onsthe use of castor oil polymer (Pm)...

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...oduct extracted from the beans ofsRicinus communis, which is found in tropical and subtropical areas. The oil is a viscous liquid obtained by hot or coldspressing of the seeds or by solvent extraction=-=[8]-=-. The studiesson the use of castor oil and its by-products for polyurethanessynthesis started in the late 1940’s with the preparation ofspolyurethane films for surface coating[9]. The first reports of...

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... by solvent extraction[8]. The studiesson the use of castor oil and its by-products for polyurethanessynthesis started in the late 1940’s with the preparation ofspolyurethane films for surface coating=-=[9]-=-. The first reports ofsthe use of polyurethanes in medical applications date backsto 1959, when Mandarino and Salvatore implanted a rigidspolyetherurethane foam for bone fixation in situ. Castor oilsp...

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...(CaCO3) at a range of ratios by weightsbetween the polyol, prepolymer, and CaCO3. Adding CaCO3sto the implant increasessits mechanical strength and furthersreduces the production costs of the material=-=[10]-=-. In the presentsstudy, the ratio of 1/3 polyol, 1/3 prepolymer and 1/3 CaCO3swas used according to the mechanical tests performed bysthe manufacturer, Poliquil (Araraquara, SP), which point tosthat r...

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...D), with eight guinea pigs in each group.sThey wereseuthanized in a CO2 gas chamber, four animals at a time, at 7s(group A), 20 (group B), 30 (group C), and 40 (group D) dayssafter the implant surgery=-=[11]-=-.sExperimental settingsThe guinea pigs were housed in the animal colony of the Faculdade Evangélica do Paraná in compliance with the “Manual ofsTechnical Guidelines for Animal Experimentation Colonies...

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...gélica do Paraná in compliance with the “Manual ofsTechnical Guidelines for Animal Experimentation Colonies” ofsthe Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Sciences Institute,sUniversidade de São Paulo=-=[12]-=-. The animals were acclimatizedsfor seven days prior to the experiments, and were given filteredswater and standard commercial chow ad libitum up to four hourssbefore euthanasia. The operative procedu...

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...sc was implanted (Figure 1B). Thesprocedure was repeated on the left side; however, the Ti discswas implanted this time (Figure 1C). The deep and superficialsincision planes were sutured with nylon 30=-=[14]-=- in a runningsfashion (Figure 1D). Collection of the material for histopathological study The surgical specimen was removed en bloc and immediately immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, where its...

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...ced in two insulin syringes. Followingsfull polymerization, the syringes were sectioned with a scalpel blade into 3-mm-thick cross sections; subsequently, thesplastic of the syringe barrel was removed=-=[15]-=-. Thus, discs withsa thickness of 3 mm and a diameter of 5 mm were obtained tosbe implanted retroperitoneally in the guinea pigs. Disc antisepsis was performed by immersing the discs in 70% alcoholsfo...

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...lly replacesthe time-honored materials in medical practice, as these aresexpensive and difficult to be obtained.sThe favorable characteristics of Pm were first reported byssuch authors as Ohara et al.=-=[16]-=-, Carvalho et al.[17], Ignácio etsal.[18], Silva[19], and Kubrusly[6], thereby opening the way tosthe use of this polymer in orthopedics, orthodontics, bucomaxilar surgery, neurosurgery, and cardiovas...

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...honored materials in medical practice, as these aresexpensive and difficult to be obtained.sThe favorable characteristics of Pm were first reported byssuch authors as Ohara et al.[16], Carvalho et al.=-=[17]-=-, Ignácio etsal.[18], Silva[19], and Kubrusly[6], thereby opening the way tosthe use of this polymer in orthopedics, orthodontics, bucomaxilar surgery, neurosurgery, and cardiovascular surgery.sFurthe...

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... medical practice, as these aresexpensive and difficult to be obtained.sThe favorable characteristics of Pm were first reported byssuch authors as Ohara et al.[16], Carvalho et al.[17], Ignácio etsal.=-=[18]-=-, Silva[19], and Kubrusly[6], thereby opening the way tosthe use of this polymer in orthopedics, orthodontics, bucomaxilar surgery, neurosurgery, and cardiovascular surgery.sFurthermore, the productio...

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...actice, as these aresexpensive and difficult to be obtained.sThe favorable characteristics of Pm were first reported byssuch authors as Ohara et al.[16], Carvalho et al.[17], Ignácio etsal.[18], Silva=-=[19]-=-, and Kubrusly[6], thereby opening the way tosthe use of this polymer in orthopedics, orthodontics, bucomaxilar surgery, neurosurgery, and cardiovascular surgery.sFurthermore, the production process o...

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...n, i.e., predominance of monomorphonuclear cells regardless of the assessment timepoint.sThesinitial seven-day period is directly related to the type of suturesused in the surgery. Siqueira and Dantas=-=[22]-=- have defined thisslength of time as the period of deposition of hyaluronic acidsand collagen, both of which are produced in an attempt tosreconstitute the injured tissues. In the current study, the p...

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...stical significance whensthe two types of material were compared.sThe lower amount of fibrosis found in groups C and D,si.e., at 30 and 40 postoperative days, diverged from the resultssof Costa et al.=-=[23]-=-, who noted the formation of dense fibrousstissue surrounding the Pm implant. In the present study, as insthe previous study by Kubrusly and co-workers[6], for bothsmaterials, the adjacent connective ...

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...sThis can be reinforcedsby the fact that the polyurethanes exhibitedsthermal stabilitysup to 210°C, which demonstrates that these polymers will notsundergo thermal decomposition at ambient temperature=-=[24]-=-.sIn addition to showing stability at high temperatures,sPm+CaCO3 is a Brazilian technology and represents thespossibility of providing a lighter implantable device forsthe patient.sOur CAD in study, ...