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...96).sApart from nutrient scarcity even drought can limit species development in ripariansareas; particularly in the early successional stages of alpine rivers with a highersgeomorphological activity (=-=Ellenberg, 1996-=-; Siegrist, 1913). The freshly deposits aresmainly of coarse structure with a low amount of fine sediments and organic matter,sresulting in a low water retention capacity. If at the same time the grou...

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...e tree growth equation of forest succession models (e.g. Moore, 1989),scalculating yearly diameter increment at breast height, and assuming a linear agediameter relationship up to an age of 40 years (=-=Bugmann, 1994-=-; Figure 3.6), the agerooting depth relationship (Equation 1) is transformed into an allometric diameterrooting depth relationship for each species s given bys( ){ }max, 1 exps RT s sRD RD c DBH= ⋅ − ...

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...actual transpiration is less than potentialstranspiration, therefore the ratio of actual transpiration and potential transpiration issused as indicator for drought stress (e.g. Pastor and Post, 1985; =-=Kienast, 1987-=-;sBugmann, 1994). Moreover, a vertical root growth model allows simulating the abilitysof trees or shrubs to reach the groundwater level excluding them from drought stresss– a process important in rip...

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...ency of flooding, differssfollowing five flooding tolerance classes defined in Glenz et al. (2005b; Chapter 3)sand is expressed by means of a growth factor limiting optimal tree growth (Botkin,s1993; =-=Moore, 1989-=-). The use of flooding tolerance classes allows integratingsimplicitly the different adaptations (e.g. physiologic, morphologic) to flooding. Thesflooding tolerance model can be integrated into more c...

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...scriptions of flooding tolerance (e.g. Dister, 1983; Ehlers, 1960; Ellenberg, 1996;sGoettling, 1968; Kramer, 1987; Moor, 1958; Wendelberger, 1973) and data indicatingsrelative tolerance classes (e.g. =-=Bernatzky, 1978-=-; Gulder, 1996; Prentice andsHelmisari, 1991) and quantitative data, mostly studies which put in relation floodingsduration and height to tree injury indications or tree death (e.g. Biegelmaier, 2002;...

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... trunk sprouting after death of an individual tree or shrub due tosmechanical disturbance. Reproduction by root and trunk suckers is also possible inslimiting light and water availability conditions (=-=Koop, 1987-=-). This presents ansadvantage to the sexual reproduction strategy. However, the number of sprouts fromsplants fragments transported by the river depends on the fraction of the maximalswetted surface a...

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...rub species.sTo obtain empirical relationships between the output of forest succession models andsthe crown diameter, single-tree data from the Swiss national forest health inventorys(Sanasilva 1997; =-=Brang, 1998-=-) were evaluated. However, not for every speciesssufficient data were available. Hence, a distinction has been made betweensconiferous and deciduous tree species, and within the deciduous species, bet...

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...t al., 1998). A considerablesproportion of the information available on the flooding tolerance of Central Europeanstree and shrub species consists of qualitative data (e.g. Siegrist, 1913; Moor 1958;s=-=Ehlers, 1960-=-; Goettling, 1968; Heller, 1969; Wendelberger, 1973; Gulder, 1996).sHowever, a synthesis of the field observations and laboratory studies on CentralsEuropean tree and shrub species with respect to the...

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...at breast height; (b) it allowssillustrating shoot development simultaneously with root development, and (c) manysforest succession models do not handle species age as a state variable (e.g.sTreeMig, =-=Lischke et al., 2005-=-).sAs the diameter-age relationship is different for each species, every tree and shrubsspecies within a same rooting type class has a different rooting depth-diametersrelationship.sBased on the allom...

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...e CD is a functionsof diameter at breast height (DBH) and species specific regression coefficients.sHowever, linear relationships with DBH were also used in cases where datasavailability was limited (=-=Nagel et al., 2001-=-). Relation to DBH is given, as maximumscrown size is naturally constraint by DBH in view of mechanical tree stability and insview of the assimilation capacity of the crown. Crown diameter measures ma...