There are 105212 Carmichael numbers up to 10 : we describe the calculations.

Abstract not found

Abstract. Consider the pseudorandom number generator un ≡ u e n−1 (mod m), 0 ≤ un ≤ m − 1, n =1, 2,..., where we are given the modulus m, the initial value u0 = ϑ and the exponent e. One case of particular interest is when the modulus m is of the form pl, where p, l are different primes of the same magnitude. It is known from work of the first and third authors that for moduli m = pl, if the period of the sequence (un) exceeds m3/4+ε, then the sequence is uniformly distributed. We show rigorously that for almost all choices of p, l it is the case that for almost all choices of ϑ, e, the period of the power generator exceeds (pl) 1−ε. And so, in this case, the power generator is uniformly distributed. We also give some other cryptographic applications, namely, to rulingout the cycling attack on the RSA cryptosystem and to so-called time-release crypto. The principal tool is an estimate related to the Carmichael function λ(m), the size of the largest cyclic subgroup of the multiplicative group of residues modulo m. In particular, we show that for any ∆ ≥ (log log N) 3,wehave λ(m) ≥ N exp(−∆) for all integers m with 1 ≤ m ≤ N, apartfromatmost N exp −0.69 ( ∆ log ∆) 1/3) exceptions. 1.

The problem of quickly determining whether a given large integer is prime or composite has been of interest for centuries, if not longer. The past 30 years has seen a great deal of progress, leading up to the recent deterministic, polynomial-time algorithm of Agrawal, Kayal, and Saxena [2]. This new “AKS test ” for the primality of n involves verifying the

Dedicated to the memory of W. ‘Red ’ Alford, friend and colleague Abstract. “The problem of distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers, and of resolving the latter into their prime factors is known to be one of the most important and useful in arithmetic. It has engaged the industry and wisdom of ancient and modern geometers to such an extent that it would be superfluous to discuss the problem at length. Nevertheless we must confess that all methods that have been proposed thus far are either restricted to very special cases or are so laborious and difficult that even for numbers that do not exceed the limits of tables constructed by estimable men, they try the patience of even the practiced calculator. And these methods do not apply at all to larger numbers... It frequently happens that the trained calculator will be sufficiently rewarded by reducing large numbers to their factors so that it will compensate for the time spent. Further, the dignity of the science itself seems to require that every possible means be explored for the solution of a problem so elegant and so celebrated... It is in the nature of the problem

. Some deterministic and probabilistic methods are presented for counting and estimating the number of points on curves over finite fields, and on their projections. The classical question of estimating the size of the image of a univariate polynomial is a special case. For curves given by sparse polynomials, the counting problem is #P-complete via probabilistic parsimonious Turing reductions. 1. Introduction One of the most celebrated results in algebraic geometry is Weil's theorem on the number of points on algebraic curves over a finite field. In this paper, we address some computational problems related to this question. Our main results are: ffi A "computational Weil estimate" for projections of curves and images of polynomials, in Section 3. ffi #P-completeness of the exact counting problem for sparse curves, in Section 4. We consider a finite field F q with q elements, an algebraic closure K of F q , a polynomial f 2 F q [x; y] of degree n , the plane curve C = ff = 0...

Abstract. We get an upper bound of O(x 5/14+o(1) ) on the number of Carmichael numbers ≤ x with exactly three prime factors. 1.

Integers without large prime factors, dubbed smooth numbers, are by now firmly established as a useful and versatile tool in number theory. More than being simply a property of numbers that is conceptually dual to primality, smoothness has played a major role in the proofs of many results, from multiplicative questions to Waring’s problem to complexity

Dedicated to the memory of W. ‘Red ’ Alford, friend and colleague Abstract. “The problem of distinguishing prime numbers from composite numbers, and of resolving the latter into their prime factors is known to be one of the most important and useful in arithmetic. It has engaged the industry and wisdom of ancient and modern geometers to such an extent that it would be superfluous to discuss the problem at length. Nevertheless we must confess that all methods that have been proposed thus far are either restricted to very special cases or are so laborious and difficult that even for numbers that do not exceed the limits of tables constructed by estimable men, they try the patience of even the practiced calculator. And these methods do not apply at all to larger numbers... It frequently happens that the trained calculator will be sufficiently rewarded by reducing large numbers to their factors so that it will compensate for the time spent. Further, the dignity of the science itself seems to require that every possible means be explored for the solution of a problem so elegant and so celebrated... It is in the nature of the problem

Abstract. The proliferation of probable prime tests in recent years has produced a plethora of definitions with the word “pseudoprime ” in them. Examples include pseudoprimes, Euler pseudoprimes, strong pseudoprimes, Lucas pseudoprimes, strong Lucas pseudoprimes, extra strong Lucas pseudoprimes and Perrin pseudoprimes. Though these tests represent a wealth of ideas, they exist as a hodge-podge of definitions rather than as examples of a more general theory. It is the goal of this paper to present a way of viewing many of these tests as special cases of a general principle, as well as to re-formulate them in the context of finite fields. One aim of the reformulation is to enable the creation of stronger tests; another is to aid in proving results about large classes of pseudoprimes. 1.