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A polytypic function definition is a function definition that is parametrised with a datatype. It embraces a class of algorithms. As an example we define a simple polytypic "crush" combinator that can be used to calculate polytypically. The ability to define functions polytypically adds another level of flexibility in the reusability of programming idioms and in the design of libraries of interoperable components.

Each datatype constructor comes equiped not only with a so-called map and fold (catamorphism), as is widely known, but, under some condition, also with a kind of map and fold that are related to an arbitrary given monad. This result follows from the preservation of initiality under lifting from the category of algebras in a given category to a certain other category of algebras in the Kleisli category related to the monad.

which are eventually used in later stages of the computation. We present a generic definition of accumulations, achieved by the introduction of a new recursive operator on inductive types. We also show that the notion of downwards accumulation developed by Gibbons is subsumed by our notion of accumulation.

The notion of functionality is not cast in stone, but depends upon what we have as types in our language. With partial equivalence relations (pers) as types we show that the functional relations are precisely those satisfying the simple equation f = f ffi f [ ffi f , where " [ " is the relation converse operator. This article forms part of "A calculational theory of pers as types" [1]. 1 Introduction In calculational programming, programs are derived from specifications by a process of algebraic manipulation. Perhaps the best known calculational paradigm is the Bird--Meertens formalism, or to use its more colloquial name, Squiggol [2]. Programs in the Squiggol style work upon trees, lists, bags and sets, the so--called Boom hierarchy. The framework was uniformly extended to cover arbitrary recursive types by Malcolm in [3], by means of the F--algebra paradigm of type definition, and resulting catamorphic programming style. More recently, Backhouse et al [4] have made a further ...

Abstract Many functions have to be written over and over again for different datatypes, either because datatypes change during the development of programs, or because functions with similar functionality are needed on different datatypes. Examples of such functions are pretty printers, pattern matchers, equality functions, unifiers, rewriting functions, etc. Such functions are called polytypic functions. A polytypic function is a function that is defined by induction on the structure of user-defined datatypes. This thesis introduces polytypic functions, shows how to construct and reason about polytypic functions and describes the implementation of the polytypic programming system PolyP. PolyP extends a functional language (a subset of Haskell) with a construct for writing polytypic functions. The extended language type checks definitions of polytypic functions, and infers the types of all other expressions. Programs in the extended language are translated to Haskell.

We present a programming paradigm based upon the notion of binary relations as programs, and partial equivalence relations (pers) as types. Our method is calculational , in that programs are derived from specifications by algebraic manipulation. Working with relations as programs generalises the functional paradigm, admiting non--determinism and the use of relation converse. Working with pers as types, we have a more general notion than normal of what constitutes an element of a type; this leads to a more general class of functional relations, the so--called difunctional relations. Our basic method of defining types is to take the fixpoint of a relator , a simple strengthening of the categorical notion of a functor. Further new types can be made by imposing laws and restrictions on the constructors of other types. Having pers as types is fundamental to our treatment of types with laws. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Relational calculus 4 2.1 Powerset lattice structure : : : : : : : : :...

The purpose of this paper is threefold: to present a general abstract, yet practical, notion of equational system; to investigate and develop the finitary and transfinite construction of free algebras for equational systems; and to illustrate the use of equational systems as needed in modern applications.

this paper is an alternative to diagram chasing (4). The use of a standard notation for various unique arrows obviates in some cases the need for pictures for the purpose of naming (2). The need for a pictorial overview of the typing (1) is decreased to some extend by a consistent notation, in particular f ; g for composition (so that f : a ! b g: b ! c ) f

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