In the semantics of programming, nite data types such as finite lists, have traditionally been modelled by initial algebras. Later final coalgebras were used in order to deal with in finite data types. Coalgebras, which are the dual of algebras, turned out to be suited, moreover, as models for certain types of automata and more generally, for (transition and dynamical) systems. An important property of initial algebras is that they satisfy the familiar principle of induction. Such a principle was missing for coalgebras until the work of Aczel (Non-Well-Founded sets, CSLI Leethre Notes, Vol. 14, center for the study of Languages and information, Stanford, 1988) on a theory of non-wellfounded sets, in which he introduced a proof principle nowadays called coinduction. It was formulated in terms of bisimulation, a notion originally stemming from the world of concurrent programming languages. Using the notion of coalgebra homomorphism, the definition of bisimulation on coalgebras can be shown to be formally dual to that of congruence on algebras. Thus, the three basic notions of universal algebra: algebra, homomorphism of algebras, and congruence, turn out to correspond to coalgebra, homomorphism of coalgebras, and bisimulation, respectively. In this paper, the latter are taken

Abstract. The theory of hidden algebras combines standard algebraic techniques with coalgebraic techniques to provide a semantic foundation for the object paradigm. This paper focuses on the coalgebraic aspect of hidden algebra, concerned with signatures of destructors at the syntac-tic level and with finality and coffee constructions at the semantic level. Our main result shows the existence of cofree constructions induced by maps between coalgebraic hidden specifications. Their use in giving a se-mantics to parameterised objects and inheritance is then illustrated. The cofreeness result for hidden algebra is generalised to abstract coalgebra and a universal construction for building object systems over existing subsystems is obtained. Finally, existence of final/cofree constructions for arbitrary hidden specifications is discussed. 1

We consider foundational questions related to the definition of functions by corecursion. This method is especially suited to functions into the greatest fixed point of some monotone operator, and it is most applicable in the context of non-wellfounded sets. We review the work on the Special Final Coalgebra Theorem of Aczel [1] and the Corecursion Theorem of Barwise and Moss [4]. We offer a condition weaker than Aczel's condition of uniformity on maps, and then we prove a result relating the operators satisfying the new condition to the smooth operators of [4]. Keywords: corecursion, coalgebra, operator on sets 1 Introduction By a stream of natural numbers we mean a pair hn; si where n 2 N and s is again a stream of natural numbers. Let f : N ! N . Consider the following function which purports to define a function from N into the streams: iter f (n) = hn; iter f f(n)i (1.1) For each n, iter f (n) is a stream, so iter f itself is a function from numbers to streams. This is an examp...

Logical definability is investigated for certain classes of coalgebras related to state-transition systems, hidden algebras and Kripke models. The filter enlargement of a coalgebra A is introduced as a new coalgebra A + whose states are special "observationally rich" filters on the state set of A. The ultrafilter enlargement is the subcoalgebra A of A + whose states are ultrafilters. Boolean combinations of equations between terms of observable (or output) type are identified as a natural class of formulas for specifying properties of coalgebras. These observable formulas are permitted to have a single state variable, and form a language in which modalities describing the effects of state transitions are implicitly present. A and A + validate the same observable formulas. It is shown that a class of coalgebras is de nable by observable formulas iff the class is closed under disjoint unions, images of bisimulations, and (ultra) lter enlargements. (Closure under images of bisimulations is equivalent to closure under images and domains of coalgebraic morphisms.) Moreover, every set of observable formulas has the same models as some set of conditional equations.

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. Hybrid systems combine discrete and continuous dynamics. We introduce a semantics for such systems consisting of a coalgebra together with a monoid action. The coalgebra captures the (discrete) operations on a state space that can be used by a client (like in the semantics of ordinary (non-temporal) object-oriented systems). The monoid action captures the influence of time on the state space, where the monoids that we consider are the natural numbers monoid (N; 0; +) of discrete time, and the positive reals monoid (R0 ; 0; +) of real time. Based on this semantics we develop a hybrid specification formalism with timed method applications: it involves expressions like s:meth@ff, with the following meaning: in state s let the state evolve for ff units of time (according to the monoid action), and then apply the (coalgebraic) method meth. In this formalism we specify various (elementary) hybrid systems, investigate their correctness, and display their behaviour in simulations. We furthe...

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.mr. P.F. van der Heijden ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op donderdag 23 maart 2006, te 12.00 uur door

Abstract. Guaranteeing that assembled components will behave as required is one of the main aspects in working with Component-Based Development. In this paper we present a formal approach for tackling this problem by applying the concept of bisimulation, originally presented in the study of concurrency theory. Bisimulation allows us to abstract details that are irrelevant from the behavioral point of view, such as data representations and implementation structures, providing a powerful formalism for proving software correctness properties. Thus, our approach facilitates to demonstrate the behavioral equivalence between the integrated system and the required specification. We introduce these concepts with the help of an example described in RAISE. 1

An infinitary proof theory is developed for modal logics whose models are coalgebras of polynomial functors on the category of sets. The canonical model method from modal logic is adapted to construct a final coalgebra for any polynomial functor. The states of this final coalgebra are certain “maximal ” sets of formulas that have natural syntactic closure properties. The syntax of these logics extends that of previously developed modal languages for polynomial coalgebras by adding formulas that express the “termination ” of certain functions induced by transition paths. A completeness theorem is proven for the logic of functors which have the Lindenbaum property that every consistent set of formulas has a maximal extension. This property is shown to hold if if the deducibility relation is generated by countably many inference rules. A counter-example to completeness is also given. This is a polynomial functor that is not Lindenbaum: it has an uncountable set of formulas that is deductively consistent but has no maximal extension and is unsatisfiable, even though all of its countable subsets are satisfiable. 1

A contravariant duality is constructed between the category of coalgebras of a given signature, and a category of Boolean algebras with operators, including modal operators corresponding to state transitions in coalgebras, and distinguished elements abstracting the sets of states defined by observable equations. This duality is used to give a new proof that a class of coalgebras is definable by Boolean combinations of observable equations if it is closed under disjoint unions, domains and images of coalgebraic morphisms, and ultrafilter enlargements. The proof reduces the problem to a direct application of Birkhoff's variety theorem characterising equational classes of algebras.