Abstract. Event-pattern reactive programs serve reactive components by pre-processing the input event stream and generating notifications according to temporal patterns. The declarative language PAR allows the expression of complex event-pattern reactions. Despite its simplicity and deterministic nature, PAR is expressively complete in the following sense: every event-pattern reactive system that can be described and implemented using finite memory can also be expressed in PAR. 1

Abstract. For polynomial functors G, we show how to generalize the classical notion of regular expression to G-coalgebras. We introduce a language of expressions for describing elements of the final G-coalgebra and, analogously to Kleene’s theorem, we show the correspondence between expressions and finite G-coalgebras. 1

Formal power series, which are functions from the set of words over an alphabet A to a semiring k, are viewed coalgebraically. In summary, this amounts to supplying the set of all power series with a deterministic automaton structure, which has the universal property of being final. Finality then forms the basis for both definitions and proofs by coinduction, the coalgebraic counterpart of induction. Coinductive definitions of operators on power series take the shape of what we have called behavioural di#erential equations, after Brzozowski's notion of input derivative, and include many classical di#erential equations for analytic functions. The use of behavioural di#erential equations leads, amongst others, to easy definitions of and proofs about both existing and new operators on power series, as well as to the construction of finite (syntactic) nondeterministic automata, implementing them.

Abstract. We define an out-degree for F-coalgebras and show that the coalgebras of outdegree at most κ form a covariety. As a subcategory of all F-coalgebras, this class has a terminal object, which for many problems can stand in for the terminal F-coalgebra, which need not exist in general. As examples, we derive structure theoretic results about minimal coalgebras, showing that, for instance minimization of coalgebras is functorial, that products of finitely many minimal coalgebras exist and are given by their largest common subcoalgebra, that minimal subcoalgebras have no inner endomorphisms and show how minimal subcoalgebras can be constructed from Moore-automata. Since the elements of minimal subcoalgebras must correspond uniquely to the formulae of any logic characterizing observational equivalence, we give in the last section a straightforward and self-contained account of the coalgebraic logic of D. Pattinson and L. Schröder, which we believe is simpler and more direct than the original exposition. For every automaton A there exists a minimal automaton ∇(A), which displays

CWI is a founding member of ERCIM, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics. CWI's research has a theme-oriented structure and is grouped into four clusters. Listed below are the names of the clusters and in parentheses their acronyms.

Abstract—We introduce bisimulation up to congruence as a technique for proving language equivalence of non-deterministic finite automata. Exploiting this technique, we devise an optimisation of the classical algorithm by Hopcroft and Karp [12] that, instead of computing the whole determinised automata, explores only a small portion of it. Although the optimised algorithm remains exponential in worst case (the problem is PSPACEcomplete), experimental results show improvements of several orders of magnitude over the standard algorithm. I.

Universal coalgebra is a mathematical theory of state based systems, which in many respects is dual to universal algebra. Equality must be replaced by indistinguishability. Coinduction replaces induction as a proof principle and maps are defined by co-recursion. In this (entirely self-contained) paper we give a first glimpse at the general theory and focus on some applications in Computer Science. 1. State based systems State based systems can be found everywhere in our environment -- from simple appliances like alarm clocks and answering machines to sophisticated computing devices. Typically, such systems receive some input and, as a result, produce some output. In contrast to purely algebraic systems, however, the output is not only determined by the input received, but also by some modifiable "internal state". Internal states are usually not directly observable, so there may as well be di#erent states that cannot be distinguished from the input-output behavior of the system. A simple example of a state based system is a digital watch with several buttons and a display. Clearly, the buttons that are pressed do not by themselves determine the output - it also depends on the internal state, which might include the current time, the mode (time/alarm/stopwatch), and perhaps the information which buttons have been pressed previously. The user of a system is normally not interested in knowing precisely, what the internal states of the system are, nor how they are represented. Of course, he might try to infer all possible states by testing various input-output combinations and attribute di#erent behaviors to di#erent states. Some states might not be distinguishable by their outside behavior. It is therefore natural to define an appropriate indistinguishability relation "#...

The minimization of nondeterministic automata without initial states (developed within a game-theoretic framework in Calude, Calude, Khoussainov [3]) is presented in terms of bisimulations; the minimal automaton is unique up to an isomorphism in case of reversible automata. We also prove that there exists an infinite class of (strongly connected) nondeterministic automata each of which is not bisimilar with any deterministic automaton. This shows that in the sense of bisimilarity nondeterministic automata are more powerful than deterministic ones. It is an open question whether the method of bisimulations can produced, in general, the unique minimal nondeterministic automaton.

CWI is a founding member of ERCIM, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics. CWI's research has a theme-oriented structure and is grouped into four clusters. Listed below are the names of the clusters and in parentheses their acronyms.

Coalgebra develops a general theory of transition systems, parametric in a functor T; the functor T specifies the possible one-step behaviours of the system. A fundamental question in this area is how to obtain, for an arbitrary functor T, a logic for T-coalgebras. We compare two existing proposals, Moss’s coalgebraic logic and the logic of all predicate liftings, by providing one-step translations between them, extending the results in [21] by making systematic use of Stone duality. Our main contribution then is a novel coalgebraic logic, which can be seen as an equational axiomatization of Moss’s logic. The three logics are equivalent for a natural but restricted class of functors. We give examples showing that the logics fall apart in general. Finally, we argue that the quest for a generic logic for T-coalgebras is still open in the general case.