We present a novel implementation of compressed suffix arrays exhibiting new tradeoffs between search time and space occupancy for a given text (or sequence) of n symbols over an alphabet Σ, where each symbol is encoded by lg |Σ | bits. We show that compressed suffix arrays use just nHh + O(n lg lg n / lg |Σ | n) bits, while retaining full text indexing functionalities, such as searching any pattern sequence of length m in O(m lg |Σ | + polylog(n)) time. The term Hh ≤ lg |Σ | denotes the hth-order empirical entropy of the text, which means that our index is nearly optimal in space apart from lower-order terms, achieving asymptotically the empirical entropy of the text (with a multiplicative constant 1). If the text is highly compressible so that Hh = o(1) and the alphabet size is small, we obtain a text index with o(m) search time that requires only o(n) bits. Further results and tradeoffs are reported in the paper. 1

We consider the indexable dictionary problem, which consists of storing a set S ⊆ {0,...,m − 1} for some integer m, while supporting the operations of rank(x), which returns the number of elements in S that are less than x if x ∈ S, and −1 otherwise; and select(i) which returns the i-th smallest element in S. We give a data structure that supports both operations in O(1) time on the RAM model and requires B(n,m)+ o(n)+O(lg lg m) bits to store a set of size n, where B(n,m) = ⌈ lg ( m) ⌉ n is the minimum number of bits required to store any n-element subset from a universe of size m. Previous dictionaries taking this space only supported (yes/no) membership queries in O(1) time. In the cell probe model we can remove the O(lg lg m) additive term in the space bound, answering a question raised by Fich and Miltersen, and Pagh. We present extensions and applications of our indexable dictionary data structure, including: • an information-theoretically optimal representation of a k-ary cardinal tree that supports standard operations in constant time, • a representation of a multiset of size n from {0,...,m − 1} in B(n,m+n) + o(n) bits that supports (appropriate generalizations of) rank and select operations in constant time, and • a representation of a sequence of n non-negative integers summing up to m in B(n,m + n) + o(n) bits that supports prefix sum queries in constant time. 1

In this paper we address the issue of compressing and indexing data. We devise a data structure whose space occupancy is a function of the entropy of the underlying data set. We call the data structure opportunistic since its space occupancy is decreased when the input is compressible and this space reduction is achieved at no significant slowdown in the query performance. More precisely, its space occupancy is optimal in an information-content sense because a text T [1, u] is stored using O(H k (T )) + o(1) bits per input symbol in the worst case, where H k (T ) is the kth order empirical entropy of T (the bound holds for any fixed k). Given an arbitrary string P [1; p], the opportunistic data structure allows to search for the occ occurrences of P in T in O(p + occ log u) time (for any fixed > 0). If data are uncompressible we achieve the best space bound currently known [12]; on compressible data our solution improves the succinct suffix array of [12] and the classical suffix tree and suffix array data structures either in space or in query time or both.

Full-text indexes provide fast substring search over large text collections. A serious problem of these indexes has traditionally been their space consumption. A recent trend is to develop indexes that exploit the compressibility of the text, so that their size is a function of the compressed text length. This concept has evolved into self-indexes, which in addition contain enough information to reproduce any text portion, so they replace the text. The exciting possibility of an index that takes space close to that of the compressed text, replaces it, and in addition provides fast search over it, has triggered a wealth of activity and produced surprising results in a very short time, and radically changed the status of this area in less than five years. The most successful indexes nowadays are able to obtain almost optimal space and search time simultaneously. In this paper we present the main concepts underlying self-indexes. We explain the relationship between text entropy and regularities that show up in index structures and permit compressing them. Then we cover the most relevant self-indexes up to date, focusing on the essential aspects on how they exploit the text compressibility and how they solve efficiently various search problems. We aim at giving the theoretical background to understand and follow the developments in this area.

Abstract. Given a sequence S = s1s2... sn of integers smaller than r = O(polylog(n)), we show how S can be represented using nH0(S) + o(n) bits, so that we can know any sq, as well as answer rank and select queries on S, in constant time. H0(S) is the zero-order empirical entropy of S and nH0(S) provides an Information Theoretic lower bound to the bit storage of any sequence S via a fixed encoding of its symbols. This extends previous results on binary sequences, and improves previous results on general sequences where those queries are answered in O(log r) time. For larger r, we can still represent S in nH0(S) + o(n log r) bits and answer queries in O(log r / log log n) time. Another contribution of this paper is to show how to combine our compressed representation of integer sequences with an existing compression boosting technique to design compressed full-text indexes that scale well with the size of the input alphabet Σ. Namely, we design a variant of the FM-index that indexes a string T [1, n] within nHk(T) + o(n) bits of storage, where Hk(T) is the k-th order empirical entropy of T. This space bound holds simultaneously for all k ≤ α log |Σ | n, constant 0 < α < 1, and |Σ | = O(polylog(n)). This index counts the occurrences of an arbitrary pattern P [1, p] as a substring of T in O(p) time; it locates each pattern occurrence in O(log 1+ε n) time, for any constant 0 < ε < 1; and it reports a text substring of length ℓ in O(ℓ + log 1+ε n) time.

Abstract. We present a linear-time algorithm to compute the longest common prefix information in suffix arrays. As two applications of our algorithm, we show that our algorithm is crucial to the effective use of block-sorting compression, and we present a linear-time algorithm to simulate the bottom-up traversal of a suffix tree with a suffix array combined with the longest common prefix information. 1

Let a text of u characters over an alphabet of size be compressible to n symbols by the LZ78 or LZW algorithm. We show that it is possible to build a data structure based on the Ziv-Lempel trie that takes 4n log 2 n(1+o(1)) bits of space and reports the R occurrences of a pattern of length m in worst case time O(m log(m)+(m+R)log n).

In this paper we consider the problem of computing the suffix array of a text T [1, n]. This problem consists in sorting the suffixes of T in lexicographic order. The suffix array [16] (or pat array [9]) is a simple, easy to code, and elegant data structure used for several fundamental string matching problems involving both linguistic texts and biological data [4, 11]. Recently, the interest in this data structure has been revitalized by its use as a building block for three novel applications: (1) the Burrows-Wheeler compression algorithm [3], which is a provably [17] and practically [20] effective compression tool; (2) the construction of succinct [10, 19] and compressed [7, 8] indexes; the latter can store both the input text and its full-text index using roughly the same space used by traditional compressors for the text alone; and (3) algorithms for clustering and ranking the answers to user queries in web-search engines [22]. In all these applications the construction of the suffix array is the computational bottleneck both in time and space. This motivated our interest in designing yet another suffix array construction algorithm which is fast and "lightweight" in the sense that it uses small space...

We first give a representation of a suffix tree that uses n lg n + O(n) bits of space and supports searching for a pattern in the given text (from a fixed size alphabet) in O(m) time, where n is the size of the text and m is the size of the pattern. The structure is quite simple and answers a question raised by Muthukrishnan in [17]. Previous compact representations of suffix trees had a higher lower order term in space and had some expectation assumption [3], or required more time for searching [5]. Then, surprisingly, we show that we can even do better, by developing a structure that uses a suffix array (and so ndlg ne bits) and an additional o(n) bits. String searching can be done in this structure also in O(m) time. Besides supporting string searching, we can also report the number of occurrences of the pattern in the same time using no additional space. In this case the space occupied...

We introduce two succinct data structures to solve various string problems. One is for storing the information of lcp, the longest common prefix, between suffixes in the suffix array, and the other is an improvement in the compressed suffix array which supports linear time counting queries for any pattern. The former occupies only 2n + o(n) bits for a text of length n for computing lcp between adjacent suffixes in lexicographic order in constant time, and 6n + o(n) bits between any two suffixes. No data structure in the literature attained linear size. The latter has size proportional to the text size and it is applicable to texts on any alphabet &Sigma; such that |&Sigma;| = log^O(1) n. These space-economical data structures are useful in processing huge amounts of text data.