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This paper provides foundations for a reasoning principle (coinduction) for establishing the equality of potentially infinite elements of self-referencing (or circular) data types. As it is well-known, such data types not only form the core of the denotational approach to the semantics of programming languages [SS71], but also arise explicitly as recursive data types in functional programming languages like Standard ML [MTH90] or Haskell [HPJW92]. In the latter context, the coinduction principle provides a powerful technique for establishing the equality of programs with values in recursive data types (see examples herein and in [Pit94]).

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ion for Idealized Algol with Passive Expressions Samson Abramsky University of Edinburgh Department of Computer Science James Clerk Maxwell Building Edinburgh EH9 3JZ Scotland samson@dcs.ed.ac.uk Guy McCusker St John's College Oxford OX1 3JP, England mccusker@comlab.ox.ac.uk Abstract A fully abstract games model of Reynolds' Idealized Algol is described. The model gives a semantic account of the distinction between active types, such as commands, which admit side-effecting behaviour, and passive types, such as expressions, which do not. Keywords: Algol-like languages, game semantics, full abstraction. 1 Introduction Our aim in this paper is to give the first syntax-independent construction of a fully abstract model for Idealized Algol. John Reynolds proposed Idealized Algol as capturing the essence of Algol 60 [32]; it is an elegant synthesis of the features of a simple block-structured imperative programming language with those of higher-order functional programming. As such it...

We combine the principles of the Floyd-Warshall-Kleene algorithm, enriched categories, and Birkhoff arithmetic, to yield a useful class of algebras of transitive vertex-labeled spaces. The motivating application is a uniform theory of abstract or parametrized time in which to any given notion of time there corresponds an algebra of concurrent behaviors and their operations, always the same operations but interpreted automatically and appropriately for that notion of time. An interesting side application is a language for succinctly naming a wide range of datatypes. 1 Introduction Posets, metric spaces, "closed" automata, and categories have in common the notion of a space of points with distances between points. These distances are respectively truth values, reals, languages, and sets. Distances have two facets, logical and metrical. The logical facet is expressed respectively via implications p ! q between truth values, comparisons x y between reals, inclusions L ` M between langua...

We introduce the notion of representable multicategory , which stands in the same relation to that of monoidal category as bration does to contravariant pseudofunctor (into Cat). We give an abstract reformulation of multicategories as monads in a suitable Kleisli bicategory of spans. We describe representability in elementary terms via universal arrows . We also give a doctrinal characterisation of representability based on a fundamental monadic adjunction between the 2-category of multicategories and that of strict monoidal categories. The first main result is the coherence theorem for representable multicategories, asserting their equivalence to strict ones, which we establish via a new technique based on the above doctrinal characterisation. The other main result is a 2-equivalence between the 2category of representable multicategories and that of monoidal categories and strong monoidal functors. This correspondence extends smoothly to one between bicategories and a se...

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We present a logic for algebraic effects, based on the algebraic representation of computational effects by operations and equations. We begin with the a-calculus, a minimal calculus which separates values, effects, and computations and thereby canonises the order of evaluation. This is extended to obtain the logic, which is a classical firstorder multi-sorted logic with higher-order value and computation types, as in Levy’s call-by-push-value, a principle of induction over computations, a free algebra principle, and predicate fixed points. This logic embraces Moggi’s computational λ-calculus, and also, via definable modalities, Hennessy-Milner logic, and evaluation logic, though Hoare logic presents difficulties. 1

this paper the author was partially supported by an SERC/EPSRC Advanced Research Fellowship, EPSRC Research grant GR/L54639, and EU Working Group APPSEM

We introduce G-relative-pushouts (GRPO) which are a 2-categorical generalisation of relative-pushouts (RPO). They are suitable for deriving labelled transition systems (LTS) for process calculi where terms are viewed modulo structural congruence. We develop their basic properties and show that bisimulation on the LTS derived via GRPOs is a congruence, provided that su#ciently many GRPOs exist. The theory is applied to a simple subset of CCS and the resulting LTS is compared to one derived using a procedure proposed by Sewell.