A type-indexed function is a function that is defined for each member of some family of types. Haskell's type class mechanism provides collections of open type-indexed functions, in which the indexing family can be extended by defining a new type class instance but the collection of functions is fixed. The purpose of this paper is to present TypeCase: a design pattern that allows the definition of closed type-indexed functions, in which the index family is fixed but the collection of functions is extensible. It is inspired by Cheney and Hinze's work on lightweight approaches to generic programming. We generalise their techniques as a design pattern. Furthermore, we show that type-indexed functions with typeindexed types, and consequently generic functions with generic types, can also be encoded in a lightweight manner, thereby overcoming one of the main limitations of the lightweight approaches.

Abstract. A generic compact printer and a corresponding parser are constructed. These programs transform values of any regular datatype to and from a bit stream. The algorithms are constructed along with a proof that printing followed by parsing is the identity. Since the binary representation is very compact, the printer can be used for compressing data- possibly supplemented with some standard algorithm for compressing bit streams. The compact printer and the parser are described in the polytypic Haskell extension PolyP. 1

. A downwards accumulation is a higher-order operation that distributes information downwards through a data structure, from the root towards the leaves. The concept was originally introduced in an ad hoc way for just a couple of kinds of tree. We generalize the concept to an arbitrary regular datatype; the resulting denition is co-inductive. 1 Introduction The notion of scans or accumulations on lists is well known, and has proved very fruitful for expressing and calculating with programs involving lists [4]. Gibbons [7, 8] generalizes the notion of accumulation to various kinds of tree; that generalization too has proved fruitful, underlying the derivations of a number of tree algorithms, such as the parallel prex algorithm for prex sums [15, 8], Reingold and Tilford's algorithm for drawing trees tidily [21, 9], and algorithms for query evaluation in structured text [16, 23]. There are two varieties of accumulation on lists: leftwards and rightwards. Leftwards accumulation ...

Massive amounts of useful data are stored and processed in ad hoc formats for which common tools like parsers, printers, query engines and format converters are not readily available. In this paper, we explain the design and implementation of PADS/ML, a new language and system that facilitates the generation of data processing tools for ad hoc formats. The PADS/ML design includes features such as dependent, polymorphic and recursive datatypes, which allow programmers to describe the syntax and semantics of ad hoc data in a concise, easy-to-read notation. The PADS/ML implementation compiles these descriptions into ML structures and functors that include types for parsed data, functions for parsing and printing, and auxiliary support for user-specified, format-dependent and format-independent tool generation.

Polytypic programs are programs that are parameterised by type constructors (like List), unlike polymorphic programs which are parameterised by types (like Int). In this paper we formulate precisely the polytypic programming problem of "commuting " two datatypes. The precise formulation involves a novel notion of higher order polymorphism. We demonstrate via a number of examples the relevance and interest of the problem, and we show that all "regular datatypes" (the sort of datatypes that one can define in a functional programming language) do indeed commute according to our specification. The framework we use is the theory of allegories, a combination of category theory with the point-free relation calculus. 1 Polytypism The ability to abstract is vital to success in computer programming. At the macro level of requirements engineering the successful designer is the one able to abstract from the particular wishes of a few clients a general purpose product that can capture a l...

We describe how to embed a simple typed functional logic programming language in Haskell. The embedding is a natural extension of the Prolog embedding by Seres and Spivey [16]. To get full static typing we need to use the Haskell extensions of quantified types and the ST-monad. 1 Introduction Over the last ten to twenty years, there have been many attempts to combine the flavours of logic and functional programming [3]. Among these, the most well-known ones are the programming languages Curry [4], Escher [13], and Mercury [14]. Curry and Escher can be seen as variations on Haskell, where logic programming features are added. Mercury can be seen as an improvement of Prolog, where types and functional programming features are added. All three are completely new and autonomous languages. Defining a new programming language has as a drawback for the developer to build a new compiler, and for the user to learn a new language. A different approach which has gained a lot of popularity ...

Given any value of a datatype (an algebra of terms), and rules to rewrite values of that datatype, we want a function that rewrites the value to normal form if the value is normalizable. This paper develops a polytypic rewriting function that uses the parallel innermost rewriting strategy. It improves upon our earlier work on polytypic rewriting in two fundamental ways. Firstly, the rewriting function uses a term interface that hides the polytypic part from the rest of the program. The term interface is a framework for polytypic programming on terms. This implies that the rewriting function is independent of the particular implementation of polytypism. We give several functions and laws on terms, which simplify calculating with programs. Secondly, the rewriting function is developed together with a correctness proof. We just present the result of the correctness proof, the proof itself is published elsewhere.

As a functional pearl we describe an e#cient, modulMM0$y implMM0 tation of unification using the state of mutabl reference cele to encode substitutions. We abstract oural13 rithms alms two dimensions, first abstracting awa from the structure of the terms to be unified, and second over the monad in which the mutabl state is encapsulLJ0M We choose thisexampl to ilfljflLCy# two important techniques that we belLj e man functional programmers woul finduseful The first of these is the definition of recursive data t pes using twol evelfl a structure definingln el and a recursive knot-t ingl evel The second is the use of rank-2 pol morphism inside Haskelky record t pes to implM3C t a form of t pe parameterized moduljC Keywords Generic programs, unification, parameterized modulM 1.

Fusion laws permit to eliminate various of the intermediate data structures that are created in function compositions. The fusion laws associated with the traditional recursive operators on datatypes cannot in general be used to transform recursive programs with effects. Motivated by this fact, this paper addresses the definition of two recursive operators on datatypes that capture functional programs with effects. Effects are assumed to be modeled by monads. The main goal is thus the derivation of fusion laws for the new operators. One of the new operators is called monadic unfold. It captures programs (with effects) that generate a data structure in a standard way. The other operator is called monadic hylomorphism, and corresponds to programs formed by the composition of a monadic unfold followed by a function defined by structural induction on the data structure that the monadic unfold generates. 1 Introduction A common approach to program design in functional programmin...

Run-time type analysis is an increasingly important linguistic mechanism in modern programming languages. Language runtime systems use it to implement services such as accurate garbage collection, serialization, cloning and structural equality. Component frameworks rely on it to provide reflection mechanisms so they may discover and interact with program interfaces dynamically. Run-time type analysis is also crucial for large, distributed systems that must be dynamically extended, because it allows those systems to check program invariants when new code and new forms of data are added. Finally, many generic user-level algorithms for iteration, pattern matching, and unification can be defined through type analysis mechanisms. However, existing frameworks for run-time type analysis were designed for simple type systems. They do not scale well to the sophisticated type systems of modern and next-generation programming languages that include complex constructs such as first-class abstract types, recursive types, objects, and type parameterization. In addition, facilities to support type analysis often require complicated