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Abstract- This paper investigates the formulation of a general optimal energy flow (OEF) problem for integrated energy systems, paying particular attention to “hydrogen economy ” issues, i.e. production, distribution and utilization of hydrogen, as well as considering the impact of energy storage devices. Based on the concept of energy hubs, the optimal conversion and transmission of multiple energy sources and energy carriers, in particular natural gas, electricity, district heat and hydrogen, considering energy storage devices are discussed. A 3 energy-hub system with electricity, gas, heat and hydrogen production, distribution, demand and storage capabilities is used to illustrate some of the proposed concepts and analysis techniques. The results illustrate some of the advantages of combining different energy sources and carriers, particularly if hydrogen is considered as an integral part of the energy system, given its storage characteristics. I.

Modern gas-fired power stations are discussed as an alternative for replacing eventually decommissioned nuclear power stations. With an also increasing number of smallest-scale gas turbines, the importance of the gas network is hence likely to increase in coming years. The presence of converters as e.g. a combined cycle gas turbine raises the question if and to what extent the electrical network will be influenced by the chemical (i.e. gas) and thermal networks and vice-versa. Thus it makes sense to start simulating and analyzing these systems as combined or dependent systems. Furthermore, a user being supplied with electricity from the electrical network and indirectly from the chemical network can choose which network to use. He both has price arbitrage options as well as the option to achieve temporal redundancy of supply. This paper presents a method developed for investigations of the combined reliability analysis of the electrical, chemical and thermal supply. The applicability of the method is demonstrated with a case example investigating whether a load has a higher availability of supply because of additional indirect supply and whether the reliability of the electrical network could be reduced, because of the local converters helping to maintain the original level of availability of supply.

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