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Functional neuroanatomy of meaning acquisition from context
, 2008
"... & An important issue in language learning is how new words are integrated in the brain representations that sustain language processing. To identify the brain regions involved in meaning acquisition and word learning, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Young participants ..."
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& An important issue in language learning is how new words are integrated in the brain representations that sustain language processing. To identify the brain regions involved in meaning acquisition and word learning, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Young participants were required to deduce the meaning of a novel word presented within increasingly constrained sentence contexts that were read silently during the scanning session. Inconsistent contexts were also presented in which no meaning could be assigned to the novel word. Participants showed meaning acquisition in the consistent but not in the inconsistent condition. A distributed brain network was identified comprising the left anterior inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45), the middle temporal gyrus (BA 21), the parahippocampal gyrus, and several subcortical structures (the thalamus and the striatum). Drawing on previous neuroimaging evidence, we tentatively identify the roles of these brain areas in the retrieval, selection, and encoding of the meaning. &
Facts, events, and inflection: when language and memory dissociate
- J Cogn Neurosci
"... Abstract & We report on two brain-damaged patients who show ..."
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Abstract & We report on two brain-damaged patients who show
Puzzling thoughts for H.M.: Can new semantic information be anchored to old semantic memories? Neuropsychology 2004
"... Researchers currently debate whether new semantic knowledge can be learned and retrieved despite extensive damage to medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. The authors explored whether H.M., a patient with amnesia, could acquire new semantic information in the context of his lifelong hobby of solvin ..."
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Researchers currently debate whether new semantic knowledge can be learned and retrieved despite extensive damage to medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. The authors explored whether H.M., a patient with amnesia, could acquire new semantic information in the context of his lifelong hobby of solving crossword puzzles. First, H.M. was tested on a series of word-skills tests believed important in solving crosswords. He also completed 3 new crosswords: 1 puzzle testing pre-1953 knowledge, another testing post-1953 knowledge, and another combining the 2 by giving postoperative semantic clues for preoperative answers. From the results, the authors concluded that H.M. can acquire new semantic knowledge, at least temporarily, when he can anchor it to mental representations established preoperatively. Memory is not a unitary capacity but, instead, can be divided into anatomically and functionally independent systems. Promi-nent among these divisions is the distinction between declarative (explicit) memory, the conscious recollection of facts and past events, and nondeclarative (implicit) memory, the influence of previous experience on task performance without conscious refer-
In Press (2004) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience Address for correspondence:
"... We report on two brain-damaged patients who show contrasting patterns of deficits in memory and language functioning. One patient (AW) suffers from a lexical retrieval deficit and failed to produce many irregularly inflected words like spun, forgotten, and mice, but demonstrated intact production of ..."
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We report on two brain-damaged patients who show contrasting patterns of deficits in memory and language functioning. One patient (AW) suffers from a lexical retrieval deficit and failed to produce many irregularly inflected words like spun, forgotten, and mice, but demonstrated intact production of regularly inflected words like walked and rats. She also had preserved declarative memory for facts and events. The other patient (VP) presented with a severe declarative memory deficit but showed no signs of impairment in producing either regular or irregular inflections. These patterns of deficits reveal that the retrieval of irregular inflections proceeds relatively autonomously with respect to declarative memory. We interpret these deficits with reference to three current theories of lexical structure: (a) Pinker’s words and rules account, which assumes distinct mechanisms for processing regular and irregular inflections and proposes that lexical and semantic processing are subserved by distinct but interacting cognitive systems; (b) Ullman’s declarative/procedural model, which assumes that mechanisms for the retrieval of irregular inflections are part of declarative memory; (c) Joanisse & Seidenberg’s connectionist model, in which semantic information is critical for the retrieval of irregular inflections.
The Hippocampal System as the Cortical Resource Manager: a model connecting psychology, anatomy and physiology
"... A model is described in which the hippocampal system functions as resource manager for the neocortex. This model is developed from an architectural concept for the brain as a whole within which the receptive fields of neocortical columns can gradually increase but with some limited exceptions tend n ..."
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A model is described in which the hippocampal system functions as resource manager for the neocortex. This model is developed from an architectural concept for the brain as a whole within which the receptive fields of neocortical columns can gradually increase but with some limited exceptions tend not to decrease. The definition process for receptive fields is constrained so that they overlap as little as possible, and change as little as possible, but at least a minimum number of columns detect their fields within every sensory input state. Below this minimum, the receptive fields of some columns are increased slightly until the minimum level is reached. The columns in which this increase occurs are selected by a competitive process in the hippocampal system that identifies those in which only a relatively small increase is required, and sends signals to those columns that trigger the increase. These increases in receptive fields are the information record that forms the declarative memory of the input state. Episodic memory activates a set of columns in which receptive fields increased simultaneously at some point in the past, and the hippocampal system is therefore the appropriate source for information guiding access to such memories. Semantic memory associates columns that are often active (with or without increases in receptive fields) simultaneously. Initially, the hippocampus can guide access to such memories on the basis of initial information recording, but to avoid corruption of the information needed for ongoing resource management, access control shifts to other parts of the neocortex. The roles of the mammillary bodies, amygdala and anterior thalamic nucleus can be understood as modulating information recording in accordance with various behavioral priorities. During sleep, provisional physical connectivity is created that supports receptive field increases in the subsequent wake period, but previously created memories are not affected. This model matches a wide range of neuropsychological observation better than alternative hippocampal models. The information mechanisms required by the model are consistent with known brain anatomy and neuron physiology. 2
NCEN Visual cognition in amnesic H.M.: Selective deficits on the What’s-Wrong-Here and Hidden-Figure tasks
"... Two experiments compared the visual cognition performance of amnesic H.M. and memory-normal controls matched for age, background, intelligence, and education. In Experiment 1 H.M. exhibited deficits relative to the controls in detecting “erroneous objects ” in complex visual scenes—for example, a bi ..."
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Two experiments compared the visual cognition performance of amnesic H.M. and memory-normal controls matched for age, background, intelligence, and education. In Experiment 1 H.M. exhibited deficits relative to the controls in detecting “erroneous objects ” in complex visual scenes—for example, a bird flying inside a fishbowl. In Experiment 2 H.M. exhibited deficits relative to the controls in standard Hidden-Figure tasks when detecting unfamiliar targets but not when detecting familiar targets—for example, circles, squares, and right-angle triangles. H.M.’s visual cognition deficits were not due to his well-known problems in explicit learning and recall, inability to comprehend or remember the instructions, general slowness, motoric difficulties, low motivation, low IQ relative to the controls, or working-memory limitations. Parallels between H.M.’s selective deficits in visual cognition, language, and memory are discussed. These parallels contradict the standard “systems theory ” account of H.M.’s condition but comport with the hypothesis that H.M. has difficulty representing unfamiliar but not familiar information in visual cognition, language, and memory. Implications of our results are discussed for binding theory and the ongoing debate over what counts as “memory ” versus “not-memory.”
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
"... NCEN Amnesic H.M.’s performance on the language competence test: Parallel deficits in memory and sentence production ..."
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NCEN Amnesic H.M.’s performance on the language competence test: Parallel deficits in memory and sentence production
Funding
, 2014
"... Hippocampal contributions to language: An examination of referential processing and narrative in amnesia ..."
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Hippocampal contributions to language: An examination of referential processing and narrative in amnesia
