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140
Social Signal Processing: Survey of an Emerging Domain
, 2008
"... The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next- ..."
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Cited by 153 (32 self)
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The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next-generation computing needs to include the essence of social intelligence – the ability to recognize human social signals and social behaviours like turn taking, politeness, and disagreement – in order to become more effective and more efficient. Although each one of us understands the importance of social signals in everyday life situations, and in spite of recent advances in machine analysis of relevant behavioural cues like blinks, smiles, crossed arms, laughter, and similar, design and development of automated systems for Social Signal Processing (SSP) are rather difficult. This paper surveys the past efforts in solving these problems by a computer, it summarizes the relevant findings in social psychology, and it proposes a set of recommendations for enabling the development of the next generation of socially-aware computing.
Bridging the Gap Between Social Animal and Unsocial Machine: A Survey of Social Signal Processing
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AFFECTIVE COMPUTING
"... Social Signal Processing is the research domain aimed at bridging the social intelligence gap between humans and machines. This article is the first survey of the domain that jointly considers its three major aspects, namely modeling, analysis and synthesis of social behaviour. Modeling investigate ..."
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Cited by 35 (7 self)
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Social Signal Processing is the research domain aimed at bridging the social intelligence gap between humans and machines. This article is the first survey of the domain that jointly considers its three major aspects, namely modeling, analysis and synthesis of social behaviour. Modeling investigates laws and principles underlying social interaction, analysis explores approaches for automatic understanding of social exchanges recorded with different sensors, and synthesis studies techniques for the generation of social behaviour via various forms of embodiment. For each of the above aspects, the paper includes an extensive survey of the literature, points to the most important publicly available resources, and outlines the most fundamental challenges ahead.
Action’s influence on thought: The case of gesture
"... Recent research shows that our actions can influence how we think. A separate body of research shows that the gestures we produce when we speak can also influence how we think. Here we bring these two literatures together to explore whether gesture has an impact on thinking by virtue of its ability ..."
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Cited by 33 (10 self)
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Recent research shows that our actions can influence how we think. A separate body of research shows that the gestures we produce when we speak can also influence how we think. Here we bring these two literatures together to explore whether gesture has an impact on thinking by virtue of its ability to reflect real-world actions. We first argue that gestures contain detailed perceptual-motor information about the actions they represent, information often not found in the speech that accompanies the gestures. We then show that the action features in gesture do not just reflect the gesturer’s thinking–– they can feed back and alter that thinking. Gesture actively brings action into a speaker’s mental representations, and those mental representations then affect behavior––at times more powerfully than the actions on which the gestures are based. Gesture thus has the potential to serve as a unique bridge between action and abstract thought.
Touch communicates distinct emotions
- Emotion, 6 , 528
, 2006
"... The study of emotional signaling has focused almost exclusively on the face and voice. In 2 studies, the authors investigated whether people can identify emotions from the experience of being touched by a stranger on the arm (without seeing the touch). In the 3rd study, they investigated whether obs ..."
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Cited by 32 (10 self)
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The study of emotional signaling has focused almost exclusively on the face and voice. In 2 studies, the authors investigated whether people can identify emotions from the experience of being touched by a stranger on the arm (without seeing the touch). In the 3rd study, they investigated whether observers can identify emotions from watching someone being touched on the arm. Two kinds of evidence suggest that humans can communicate numerous emotions with touch. First, participants in the United States (Study 1) and Spain (Study 2) could decode anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude, and sympathy via touch at much-better-than-chance levels. Second, fine-grained coding documented specific touch behaviors associated with different emotions. In Study 3, the authors provide evidence that participants can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch. The findings are discussed in terms of their contributions to affective science and the evolution of altruism and cooperation.
Barriers to Effective Cross-Cultural Counselling
- Journal of Counselling Psychology
, 1977
"... Many mental health professionals have noted that racial and ethnic factors may act as impediments to counseling. Misunderstandings that arise from cultural variations in verbal and nonverbal communication may lead to alienation and/or an inability to develop trust and rapport, An analysis of the gen ..."
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Cited by 28 (1 self)
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Many mental health professionals have noted that racial and ethnic factors may act as impediments to counseling. Misunderstandings that arise from cultural variations in verbal and nonverbal communication may lead to alienation and/or an inability to develop trust and rapport, An analysis of the generic characteristics of counseling reveals three variables that interact in such a way as to seriously hinder counseling with third-world groups: (a) language variables—use of standard English and verbal communication; (b) class-bound values —strict adherence to time schedules, ambiguity, and seek-ing long-range solutions; (c) culture-bound values — individual centered, ver-bal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness, client to counselor communication, openness and intimacy, cause-effect orientation, and mental and physical well-being distinction. These generic characteristics are contrasted with value systems of various ethnic groups. Implications for counseling are explored Counseling may be viewed legitimately as a process of interpersonal interaction and communication. For effective counsel-ing to occur, the counselor and client must be able to appropriately and accurately send and receive both verbal and nonver-bal messages. Although breakdowns in communication often occur among mem-bers who share the same culture, the prob-lem becomes exacerbated among people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds. Many mental health professionals have noted that racial or ethnic factors may act as impediments to counseling (Carkhuff &
Integrating Perceptual and Cognitive Modeling for Adaptive and Intelligent Human-Computer Interaction
- PROC. OF THE IEEE
, 2002
"... This paper describes technology and tools for intelligent human-computer interaction (IHCI) where human cognitive, perceptual, motor, and affective factors are modeled and used to adapt the H--C interface. IHCI emphasizes that human behavior encompasses both apparent human behavior and the hidden me ..."
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Cited by 27 (0 self)
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This paper describes technology and tools for intelligent human-computer interaction (IHCI) where human cognitive, perceptual, motor, and affective factors are modeled and used to adapt the H--C interface. IHCI emphasizes that human behavior encompasses both apparent human behavior and the hidden mental state behind behavioral performance. IHCI expands on the interpretation of human activities, known as W4 (what, where, when, who). While W4 only addresses the apparent perceptual aspect of human behavior, the W5+ technology for IHCI described in this paper addresses also the why and how questions, whose solution requires recognizing specific cognitive states. IHCI integrates parsing and interpretation of nonverbal information with a computational cognitive model of the user, which, in turn, feeds into processes that adapt the interface to enhance operator performance and provide for rational decision-making. The technology proposed is based on a general four-stage interactive framework, which moves from parsing the raw sensory-motor input, to interpreting the user's motions and emotions, to building an understanding of the user's current cognitive state. It then diagnoses various problems in the situation and adapts the interface appropriately. The interactive component of the system improves processing at each stage. Examples of perceptual, behavioral, and cognitive tools are described throughout the paper. Adaptive and intelligent HCI are important for novel applications of computing, including ubiquitous and human-centered computing
Social Signal Processing: State-of-the-art and future perspectives of an emerging domain
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACM INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMEDIA
, 2008
"... The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next- ..."
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Cited by 27 (7 self)
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The ability to understand and manage social signals of a person we are communicating with is the core of social intelligence. Social intelligence is a facet of human intelligence that has been argued to be indispensable and perhaps the most important for success in life. This paper argues that next-generation computing needs to include the essence of social intelligence – the ability to recognize human social signals and social behaviours like politeness, and disagreement – in order to become more effective and more efficient. Although each one of us understands the importance of social signals in everyday life situations, and in spite of recent advances in machine analysis of relevant behavioural cues like blinks, smiles, crossed arms, laughter, and similar, design and development of automated systems for Social Signal Processing (SSP) are rather difficult. This paper surveys the past efforts in solving these problems by a computer, it summarizes the relevant findings in social psychology, and it proposes aset of recommendations for enabling the development of the next generation of socially-aware computing.
Communicating Emotion through a Haptic Link: Design Space and Methodology
- International Journal of Human Computer Studies (IJHCS), Special issue on Affective Evaluation--Innovative Approaches
, 2007
"... Communication of affect across a distance is not well supported by current technology, despite its importance to interpersonal interaction in modern lifestyles. Touch is a powerful conduit for emotional connectedness, and thus mediating haptic (touch) displays have been proposed to address this defi ..."
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Cited by 23 (6 self)
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Communication of affect across a distance is not well supported by current technology, despite its importance to interpersonal interaction in modern lifestyles. Touch is a powerful conduit for emotional connectedness, and thus mediating haptic (touch) displays have been proposed to address this deficiency; but suitable evaluative methodology has been elusive. In this paper, we offer a first, structured examination of a design space for haptic support of remote affective communication, by analyzing the space and then comparing haptic models designed to manipulate its key dimensions. In our study, dyads (intimate pairs or strangers) are asked to communicate specified emotions using a purely haptic link that consists of virtual models rendered on simple knobs. These models instantiate both interaction metaphors of varying intimacy, and representations of virtual interpersonal distance. Our integrated objective and subjective observations imply that emotion can indeed be communicated through this medium, and confirm that the factors examined influence emotion communication performance as well as preference, comfort and connectedness. The proposed design space and the study results have implications for future efforts to support affective communication using the haptic modality, and the study approach comprises a first model for systematic evaluation of haptically expressed affect.
The communication of emotion via touch
- Emotion
, 2009
"... The study of emotional communication has focused predominantly on the facial and vocal channels but has ignored the tactile channel. Participants in the current study were allowed to touch an unacquainted partner on the whole body to communicate distinct emotions. Of interest was how accurately the ..."
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Cited by 18 (2 self)
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The study of emotional communication has focused predominantly on the facial and vocal channels but has ignored the tactile channel. Participants in the current study were allowed to touch an unacquainted partner on the whole body to communicate distinct emotions. Of interest was how accurately the person being touched decoded the intended emotions without seeing the tactile stimulation. The data indicated that anger, fear, disgust, love, gratitude, and sympathy were decoded at greater than chance levels, as well as happiness and sadness, 2 emotions that have not been shown to be communicated by touch to date. Moreover, fine-grained coding documented specific touch behaviors associated with different emotions. The findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to the study of emotion-related communication.
Constructing Social Spaces in Virtual Environments
- Footprints in the Snow: Personal and Social Navigation of Information Space
, 1999
"... Virtual environments introduce a new type of space that people inhabit. Two virtual worlds, Active Worlds and Onlive Traveler were observed to investigate how social norms involved with personal and group space, privacy, crowding and territoriality affect people during interaction and navigation. Th ..."
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Cited by 15 (2 self)
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Virtual environments introduce a new type of space that people inhabit. Two virtual worlds, Active Worlds and Onlive Traveler were observed to investigate how social norms involved with personal and group space, privacy, crowding and territoriality affect people during interaction and navigation. The results parallel many findings on social norms in physical environments. People were disturbed when their personal and group spaces were violated and when spaces were crowded. Privacy was also indicated through positioning and other signals. The results suggest that virtual environments are perceived by people as a social space.
