We show that a set of gates that consists of all one-bit quantum gates (U(2)) and the two-bit exclusive-or gate (that maps Boolean values (x; y) to (x; x \Phi y)) is universal in the sense that all unitary operations on arbitrarily many bits n (U(2 n )) can be expressed as compositions of these gates. We investigate the number of the above gates required to implement other gates, such as generalized Deutsch-Toffoli gates, that apply a specific U(2) transformation to one input bit if and only if the logical AND of all remaining input bits is satisfied. These gates play a central role in many proposed constructions of quantum computational networks. We derive upper and lower bounds on the exact number of elementary gates required to build up a variety of two- and three-bit quantum gates, the asymptotic number required for n-bit Deutsch-Toffoli gates, and make some observations about the number required for arbitrary n-bit unitary operations.

The concept of multiple particle interference is discussed, using insights provided by the classical theory of error correcting codes. This leads to a discussion of error correction in a quantum communication channel or a quantum computer. Methods of error correction in the quantum regime are presented, and their limitations assessed. A quantum channel can recover from arbitrary decoherence of x qubits if K bits of quantum information are encoded using n quantum bits, where K/n can be greater than 1 − 2H(2x/n), but must be less than 1 − 2H(x/n). This implies exponential reduction of decoherence with only a polynomial increase in the computing resources required. Therefore quantum computation can be made free of errors in the presence of physically realistic levels of decoherence. The methods also allow isolation of quantum communication from noise and evesdropping (quantum privacy amplification). Electronic address:

In this paper a programming language is presented for the expression of quantum algorithms. It contains the features required to program a `universal' quantum computer (including initialisation and observation), has a formal semantics and body of laws, and provides a renement calculus supporting the verication and derivation of programs against their specications. A representative selection of quantum algorithms are expressed in the language and one of them is derived from its specication. 1 1 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to present a programming language for quantum computation. So far quantum algorithms have been described by pseudo code or quantum network [6, 0]. To a computer scientist the former has little attraction. The latter provides a data-ow view of computation and so is useful when considering implementation in terms of gates (a view which is perhaps slightly premature since we have little idea what might constitute the primitive gates). Whilst it expre...

We show that the time evolution of the wave function of a quantum-mechanical manyparticle system can be simulated precisely and efficiently on a quantum computer. The time needed for such a simulation is comparable to the time of a conventional simulation of the corresponding classical system, a performance which can’t be expected from any classical simulation of a quantum system. We then show how quantities of interest, like the energy spectrum of a system, can be obtained. We also indicate that ultimately the simulation of quantum field theory might be possible on large quantum computers.

In this paper we consider a quantum computational variant of nondeterminism based on the notion of a quantum proof, which is a quantum state that plays a role similar to a certificate in an NP-type proof. Specifically, we consider quantum proofs for properties of black-box groups, which are finite groups whose elements are encoded as strings of a given length and whose group operations are performed by a group oracle. We prove that for an arbitrary group oracle there exist succinct (polynomial-length) quantum proofs for the Group Non-Membership problem that can be checked with small error in polynomial time on a quantum computer. Classically this is impossible---it is proved that there exists a group oracle relative to which this problem does not have succinct proofs that can be checked classically with bounded error in polynomial time (i.e., the problem is not in MA relative to the group oracle constructed). By considering a certain subproblem of the Group Non-Membership problem we obtain a simple proof that there exists an oracle relative to which BQP is not contained in MA. Finally, we show that quantum proofs for non-membership and classical proofs for various other group properties can be combined to yield succinct quantum proofs for other group properties not having succinct proofs in the classical setting, such as verifying that a number divides the order of a group and verifying that a group is not a simple group.

In this paper we consider quantum interactive proof systems, which are interactive proof systems in which the prover and verier may perform quantum computations and exchange quantum information. We prove that any polynomial-round quantum interactive proof system with two-sided bounded error can be parallelized to a quantum interactive proof system with exponentially small one-sided error in which the prover and verier exchange only 3 messages. This yields a simplied proof that PSPACE has 3-message quantum interactive proof systems. We also prove that any language having a quantum interactive proof system can be decided in deterministic exponential time, implying that single-prover quantum interactive proof systems are strictly less powerful than multiple-prover classical interactive proof systems unless EXP = NEXP. 1. INTRODUCTION Interactive proof systems were introduced by Babai [3] and Goldwasser, Micali, and Racko [17] in 1985. In the same year, Deutsch [10] gave the rst for...

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Abstract. In this paper we study universality for quantum gates acting on qudits. Qudits are states in a Hilbert space of dimension d where d can be any integer ≥ 2. We determine which 2-qudit gates V have the properties (i) the collection of all 1-qudit gates together with V produces all n-qudit gates up to arbitrary precision, or (ii) the collection of all 1-qudit gates together with V produces all n-qudit gates exactly. We show that (i) and (ii) are equivalent conditions on V, and they hold if and only if V is not a primitive gate. Here we say V is primitive if it transforms any decomposable tensor into a decomposable tensor. We discuss some applications and also relations with work of other authors. 1. Statements of main results We determine which 2-qudit gates V have the property that all 1-qudit gates together with V form a universal collection, in either the approximate sense or the exact sense. Here d is an arbitrary integer ≥ 2. Our results are new for the case of qubits, i.e., d = 2 (which for many is the case of primary interest). We treat the case d> 2 as well because it is of independent interest and requires no additional work.

Quantum theory has found a new field of applications in the realm of information and computation during the recent years. This paper reviews how quantum physics allows information coding in classically unexpected and subtle nonlocal ways, as well as information processing with an efficiency largely surpassing that of the present and foreseeable classical computers. Some outstanding aspects of classical and quantum information theory will be addressed here. Quantum teleportation, dense coding, and quantum cryptography are discussed as a few samples of the impact of quanta in the transmission of information. Quantum logic gates and quantum algorithms are also discussed as instances of the improvement in information processing by a quantum computer. We provide finally some examples of current experimental

Quantum-computing ideas are applied to the practical and ubiquitous problem of fluid dynamics simulation. Hence, this paper addresses two separate areas of physics: quantum mechanics and fluid dynamics (or specially, the computational simulation of fluid dynamics). The quantum algorithm is called a quantum lattice gas. An analytical treatment of the microscopic quantum lattice-gas system is carried out to predict its behavior at the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. At the mesoscopic scale, a lattice Boltzmann equation, with a non-local collision term that depends on the entire system wavefunction, governs the dynamical system. Numerical results obtained from an exact simulation of a one-dimensional quantum lattice-model are included to illustrate the formalism. A symbolic mathematical method is used to implement the quantum mechanical model on a conventional workstation. The numerical simulation indicates that classical viscous damping is not present in the one-dimensional quantum la...