. This paper introduces a new model for ATR's CAM-Brain Project, which is far more efficient and simpler than the older model. The CAM-Brain Project aims at building a billion neuron artificial brain using "evolutionary engineering" technologies. Our neural structures are based on Cellular Automata (CA) and grow/evolve in special hardware such as MIT's "CAM-8" machine. With the CAM-8 and the new CAMBrain model, it is possible to grow a neural structure with several million neurons in a 128 M cell CA-space, at a speed of 200 M cell-updates per second. The improvements in the new model are based on a new CAimplementation technique, on reducing the number of cell-behaviors to two, and on using genetic encoding of neural structures in which the chromosome is initially distributed homogeneously over the entire CAspace. This new CAM-Brain model allows the implementation of neural structures directly in parallel hardware, evolving at hardware speeds. Keywords Artificial Brains, Evolutionary ...

. This paper presents some simplifications to our recently introduced "CoDi-model", which we use to evolve Cellular Automata based neural network modules for ATR's artificial brain project "CAM-Brain" [11]. The great advantage of CAs as a modeling medium, is their parallelism, which permits neural system simulation hardware based on CoDi to be scaled up without loss of speed. Simulation speed is crucial for systems using "evolutionary engineering" technologies, such as ATR's CAM-Brain Project, which aims to build/grow/evolve a billion neuron artificial brain. The improvements in the CoDi model simplify it sufficiently, so that it can be implemented in state of the art FPGAs (e.g. Xilinx's XC6264 chips). ATR is building an FPGA based Cellular Automata Machine "CAM-Brain Machine (CBM)" [13], which includes circuits for neural module evolution and will simulate CoDi about 500 times faster than MIT's Cellular Automata Machine CAM-8 currently used at ATR. Keywords Cellular Automata, Evolut...

This paper provides an overview of research developments toward nanometer-scale electronic switching devices for use in building ultra-densely integrated electronic computers. Specifically, two classes of alternatives to the field-effect transistor are considered: 1) quantum-effect and single-electron solid-state devices and 2) molecular electronic devices. A taxonomy of devices in each class is provided, operational principles are described and compared for the various types of devices, and the literature about each is surveyed. This information is presented in nonmathematical terms intended for a general, technically interested readership

This paper shows how an implementation of a Cellular Automata based Artificial Brain with more that 100,000 neurons was ported to MIT's Cellular Automata Machine CAM-8, a non trivial problem, whose solution is vital for the 'CAM-Brain' Project. Since modern electronics allows, or will soon allow, brain-like systems with millions and even billions of artificial neurons, it is necessary to add evolutionary technologies to traditional human engineering skills. This paper shows how this can be done, as well as stressing the importance of using Cellular Automata as a dominant computation paradigm in the next decade or two. We believe this importance follows from the size of such billion-neuron systems and the general development of nano-electronics towards pico-second switching times. Pico-secondswitching implies that only locally connected circuits can be used, due to the signal delay problem. We will have to develop purely parallel computing models with highly local interactions. Precisel...

Abstract. The second part of this survey examines biocomputing in intact multicellular organisms. The parallelism between creative problem solving and evolution is emphasized: both processes invoke heuristic searching and feature modularity prominently. Simonton’s chance-configuration theory of creative problem solving is recast in terms of pattern recognition and analyzed in terms of parallel and sequential processing. An attempt is made to demystify the creative process that is commonly thought to be the monopoly of geniuses. It is shown that the procedures utilized in high creativity and in everyday ingenuity are fundamentally the same, but geniuses push the creative process to the extreme. A re-interpretation of Freud’s concept of the unconscious in terms of selective attention is invoked to dispel the mystery surrounding the introspective account of Henri Poincaré on mathematical creation. Among the many attributes of consciousness, the elusive free will problem is singled out for analysis in terms of biological control laws. While free will is a philosophical problem, the conflict of free will and determinism can be treated as

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www.elsevier.com/locate/chemphys Controlling electron transfer processes through short molecular wires E.G. Petrov a,*

Abstract. The configurations of single and double bonds in polycyclic hydrocarbons are abstracted as Kekulé states of graphs. Sending a socalled soliton over an open channel between ports (external nodes) of the graph changes the Kekulé state and therewith the set of open channels in the graph. This switching behaviour is proposed as a basis for molecular computation. The proposal is highly speculative but may have tremendous impact. Kekulé states with the same boundary behaviour (port assignment) can be regarded as equivalent. This gives rise to the abstraction of Kekulé cells. The basic theory of Kekulé states and Kekulé cells is developed here, up to the classification of Kekulé cells with ≤ 4 ports. To put the theory in context, we generalize Kekulé states to semi-Kekulé states, which form the solutions of a linear system of equations over the field of the bits 0 and 1. We briefly study so-called omniconjugated graphs, in which every port assignment of the right signature has a Kekulé state. Omniconjugated graphs may be useful as connectors between computational elements. We finally investigate some examples with potentially useful switching behaviour. 1

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