Dependent types reflect the fact that validity of data is often a relative notion by allowing prior data to affect the types of subsequent data. Not only does this make for a precise type system, but also a highly generic one: both the type and the program for each instance of a family of operations can be computed from the data which codes for that instance. Recent experimental extensions to the Haskell type class mechanism give us strong tools to relativize types to other types. We may simulate some aspects of dependent typing by making counterfeit type-level copies of data, with type constructors simulating data constructors and type classes simulating datatypes. This paper gives examples of the technique and discusses its potential. 1

Several proof-assistants rely on the very formal basis of Pure Type Systems (PTS) as their foundations. We are concerned with the issues involved in the development of large proofs in these provers such as namespace management, development of reusable proof libraries and separate verification. Although actual implementations offer many features to address them, few theoretical foundations have been laid for them up to now.

Abstract. Type Classes have met a large success in Haskell and Isabelle, as a solution for sharing notations by overloading and for specifying with abstract structures by quantification on contexts. However, both systems are limited by second-class implementations of these constructs, and these limitations are only overcomed by ad-hoc extensions to the respective systems. We propose an embedding of type classes into a dependent type theory that is first-class and supports some of the most popular extensions right away. The implementation is correspondingly cheap, general and integrates well inside the system, as we have experimented in Coq. We show how it can be used to help structured programming and proving by way of examples. 1

Record types are an important tool for programming and are essential in objectoriented calculi. Dependent record types are proven to be very useful for program specification and verification. Unfortunately, all known embedding of the dependent record type in the type theory had some imperfections. In this paper we present a new type constructor, dependent intersection, i.e., the intersection of two types, where the second type may depend on elements of the first one (do not confuse it with the intersection of a family of types). This new type constructor allows us to define dependent records in a very simple way.

Abstract. We describe a framework for algebraic expressions for the proof assistant Coq. This framework has been developed as part of the FTA project in Nijmegen, in which a complete proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra has been formalized in Coq. The algebraic framework that is described here is both abstract and structured. We apply a combination of record types, coercive subtyping and implicit arguments. The algebraic framework contains a full development of the real and complex numbers and of the rings of polynomials over these fields. The framework is constructive. It does not use anything apart from the Coq logic. The framework has been successfully used to formalize non-trivial mathematics as part of the FTA project.

We exhibit the rationale behind the design of Epigram, a dependently typed programming language and interactive program development system, using refinements of a well known program—merge sort—as a running example. We discuss its relationship with other proposals to introduce aspects of dependent types into functional programming languages and sketch some topics for further work in this area. 1.

We describe a framework of algebraic structures in the proof assistant Coq. We have developed this framework as part of the FTA project in Nijmegen, in which a constructive proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra has been formalized in Coq. The algebraic hierarchy that is described here is both abstract and way, dening e.g. a ring as a tuple consisting of a group, a binary operation and a constant that together satisfy the properties of a ring. In this way, a ring automatically inherits the group properties of the additive subgroup. The algebraic hierarchy is formalized in Coq by applying a combination of labeled record types and coercions. In the labeled record types of Coq, one can use dependent types: the type of one label may depend on another label. This allows to give a type to a dependent-typed tuple like hA; f; ai, where A is a set, f an operation on A and a an element of A. Coercions are

In this thesis we explore the question of how to represent programming data structures in a constructive type theory. The basic data structures in programing languages are records and objects. Most known papers treat such data structure as primitive. That is, they add new primitive type constructors and supporting axioms for records and objects. This approach is not satisfactory. First of all it complicates a type theory a lot. Second, the validity of the new axioms is not easily established. As we will see the naive choice of axioms can lead to contradiction even in the simplest cases. We will show that records and objects can be defined in a powerful enough type theory. We will also show how to use these type constructors to define abstract data structure. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Alexei Kopylov was born in Moscow State University on April 2, 1974. His parents were students in the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics there. First year of his life Alexei lived in a student dormitory in the main building of the Moscow State University. Then his parents moved to Chernogolovka, a cozy scientific town near Moscow. Alexei returned to Moscow State University as a student in 1991. Five years later he graduated from the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics and entered the graduate school of the same Department.

. This paper concerns techniques for providing a convenient syntax for object languages implemented via a type-theoretic Logical Framework, and reports on work in progress. We first motivate the need for a type-theoretic logical framework. Firstly, we take the logical framework seriously as a meta-language for implementing object languages (including object type theories). Another reason is the goal of building domain-specific reasoning tools which are implemented using type theory technology but do not require great expertise in type theory to use productively. We then present several examples of bi-directional translations between an encoding in the framework language and a more convenient syntax. The paper ends by discussing several techniques for implementing the translations and properties that we may require for the translation. Coercive subtyping is shown to help in the translation. 1

Abstract. In this paper, we present an approach to describe uniformly iterated “big ” operations, like Pn i=0 f(i) or maxi∈I f(i) and to provide lemmas that encapsulate all the commonly used reasoning steps on these constructs. We show that these iterated operations can be handled generically using the syntactic notation and canonical structure facilities provided by the Coq system. We then show how these canonical big operations played a crucial enabling role in the study of various parts of linear algebra and multi-dimensional real analysis, as illustrated by the formal proofs of the properties of determinants, of the Cayley-Hamilton theorem and of Kantorovitch’s theorem. 1