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Lexical selection is not by competition: a reinterpretation of semantic interference and facilitation effects in the picture-word interference paradigm
- J EXP PSYCHOL LEARN MEM COGN
, 2007
"... The dominant view in the field of lexical access in speech production maintains that selection of a word becomes more difficult as the levels of activation of nontarget words increase—selection by competition. The authors tested this prediction in two sets of experiments. First, the authors show tha ..."
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Cited by 48 (10 self)
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The dominant view in the field of lexical access in speech production maintains that selection of a word becomes more difficult as the levels of activation of nontarget words increase—selection by competition. The authors tested this prediction in two sets of experiments. First, the authors show that participants are faster to name pictures of objects (e.g., “bed”) in the context of semantically related verb distractors (e.g., sleep) compared with unrelated verb distractors (e.g., shoot). In the second set of experiments, the authors show that target naming latencies (e.g., “horse”) are, if anything, faster for within-category semantically close distractor words (e.g., zebra) than for within-category semantically far distractor words (e.g., whale). In the context of previous research, these data ground a new empirical generalization: As distractor words become semantically closer to the target concepts—all else being equal—target naming is facilitated. This fact means that lexical selection does not involve competition, and consequently, that the semantic interference effect does not reflect a lexical level process. This conclusion has important implications for models of lexical access and interpretations of Stroop-like interference effects.
Semantic interference in a delayed naming task: Evidence for the response exclusion hypothesis
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
, 2008
"... In 2 experiments participants named pictures of common objects with superimposed distractor words. In one naming condition, the pictures and words were presented simultaneously on every trial, and participants produced the target response immediately. In the other naming condition, the presentation ..."
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Cited by 24 (2 self)
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In 2 experiments participants named pictures of common objects with superimposed distractor words. In one naming condition, the pictures and words were presented simultaneously on every trial, and participants produced the target response immediately. In the other naming condition, the presentation of the picture preceded the presentation of the distractor by 1,000 ms, and participants delayed production of their naming response until distractor word presentation. Within each naming condition, the distractor words were either semantic category coordinates of the target pictures or unrelated. Orthogonal to this manipulation of semantic relatedness, the frequency of the pictures ’ names was manipulated. The authors observed semantic interference effects in both the immediate and delayed naming conditions but a frequency effect only in the immediate naming condition. These data indicate that semantic interference can be observed when target picture naming latencies do not reflect the bottleneck at the level of lexical selection. In the context of other findings from the picture–word interference paradigm, the authors interpret these data as supporting the view that the semantic interference effect arises at a postlexical level of processing.
Lexical selection in bilingual speech production does not involve language suppression
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition
, 2006
"... The “hard problem ” in bilingual lexical access arises when translation-equivalent lexical representations are activated to roughly equal levels and, thus, compete equally for lexical selection. The language suppression hypothesis (D. W. Green, 1998) solves this hard problem through the suppression ..."
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Cited by 20 (0 self)
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The “hard problem ” in bilingual lexical access arises when translation-equivalent lexical representations are activated to roughly equal levels and, thus, compete equally for lexical selection. The language suppression hypothesis (D. W. Green, 1998) solves this hard problem through the suppression of lexical representations in the nontarget language. Following from this proposal is the prediction that lexical selection should take longer on a language switch trial because the to-be-selected representation was just suppressed on the previous trial. Inconsistent with this prediction, participants took no longer to name pictures in their dominant language on language switch trials than they did on nonswitch trials. These findings indicate that nontarget lexical representations are not suppressed. The authors suggest that these results undermine the viability of the language suppression hypothesis as a possible solution to the hard problem in bilingual lexical access.
Semantic context effects in language production: A swinging lexical network proposal and a review
- LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES
, 2009
"... The investigation of semantic context effects has served as a valuable tool in investigating mechanisms of language production. Classic semantic interfer-ence effects have provided influential support for and interest in a competitive lexical selection mechanism. However, recent interest in semantic ..."
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Cited by 19 (1 self)
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The investigation of semantic context effects has served as a valuable tool in investigating mechanisms of language production. Classic semantic interfer-ence effects have provided influential support for and interest in a competitive lexical selection mechanism. However, recent interest in semantic facilitation effects has stimulated a discussion on whether context effects reflect competition during lexical selection. In this review we propose a framework of lexical selection by competition that is sensitive to the activation of lexical cohorts. We outline our proposal and then present a selective review of the empirical evidence, much of which has been central to the development of alternative non-competitive models. We suggest that by adopting the assumptions of our proposal we can parsimoniously account for a majority of the discussed semantic facilitation and interference effects.
From Popper to Lakatos: A case for cumulative computational modeling
- In A. Cutler (Ed.), Twenty-first
"... An important problem with several modeling enterprises in psycholin-guistics is that they are not cumulative, unlike successful experimental research. For example, in the field of language production, quite a few models focus on a few findings only instead of trying to account simulta-neously for a ..."
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Cited by 12 (4 self)
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An important problem with several modeling enterprises in psycholin-guistics is that they are not cumulative, unlike successful experimental research. For example, in the field of language production, quite a few models focus on a few findings only instead of trying to account simulta-neously for a wide range of data. Even worse, some investigators treat their models like their toothbrushes by using them only for their own data. There is no guarantee that these micromodels can be integrated into a single comprehensive macromodel, because micromodels are often mu-tually incompatible. Moreover, experimental tests of models developed by others are often conducted in the world of a misinterpreted Popper, where testing models is like skeet shooting. 1 The aim is to shoot down 1 Lakatos (1970) distinguished three Poppers: Popper0, Popper1, and Popper2. “Popper0 is the dogmatic falsificationist who never published a word: he was invented—and ‘criticized’—first by Ayer and then by many others. Popper1 is the naive falsificationist, Popper2 the sophisticated falsificationist. The real Popper developed from dogmatic to a naive version of methodological falsificationism in the twenties; he arrived at the ‘acceptance rules ’ of sophisticated falsificationism in the fifties. Thus the real Popper consists of Popper1 together with some elements of Popper2 ” (p. 181). Skeet shooting is often defended by referring to the mythical
Response to Review by
- ISVR
, 2000
"... Adverse health effects of non-medical cannabis use ..."
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Pitch and time, tonality and meter: How do musical dimensions combine
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
, 2009
"... The authors examined how the structural attributes of tonality and meter influence musical pitch-time relations. Listeners heard a musical context followed by probe events that varied in pitch class and temporal position. Tonal and metric hierarchies contributed additively to the goodness-of-fit of ..."
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Cited by 6 (1 self)
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The authors examined how the structural attributes of tonality and meter influence musical pitch-time relations. Listeners heard a musical context followed by probe events that varied in pitch class and temporal position. Tonal and metric hierarchies contributed additively to the goodness-of-fit of probes, with pitch class exerting a stronger influence than temporal position (Experiment 1), even when listeners attempted to ignore pitch (Experiment 2). Speeded classification tasks confirmed this asymmetry. Temporal classification was biased by tonal stability (Experiment 3), but pitch classification was unaffected by temporal position (Experiment 4). Experiments 5 and 6 ruled out explanations based on the presence of pitch classes and temporal positions in the context, unequal stimulus quantity, and discriminability. The authors discuss how typical Western music biases attention toward pitch and distinguish between dimensional discriminability and salience.
Riding the lexical speedway: a critical review on the time course of lexical selection in speech production
, 2011
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The production of pronominal clitics: Implications for theories of lexical access
"... In three experiments we investigated the locus of the frequency effect in lexical access and the mechanism of gender feature selection. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to produce gender-marked verb plus pronominal clitic utterances in Italian (e.g., ‘‘portalo’ ’ (bring it [masculine]) in re ..."
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Cited by 3 (1 self)
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In three experiments we investigated the locus of the frequency effect in lexical access and the mechanism of gender feature selection. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to produce gender-marked verb plus pronominal clitic utterances in Italian (e.g., ‘‘portalo’ ’ (bring it [masculine]) in response to a written verb and pictured object. We found that pronominal clitic production is sensitive to the frequency of the noun it replaces. This result locates the effect of word frequency in lexical access at the level where a word’s grammatical features are represented. In Experiments 2, 3A, and 3B we used a picture-word interference naming task and found that the gender of a distractor word does not affect the production of gender-marked clitics. This result, together with those of Experiments 3A and 3B, which show a semantic interference effect and the absence of a phonological facilitation effect in clitic production, respectively, allows the inference that the retrieval of grammatical gender is an automatic consequence of lexical node selection and not an independent selection process that operates on the principle of selection-by-activation level.
