Information technology (IT) acceptance research has yielded many competing models, each with different sets of acceptance determinants. In this paper, we (1) review user acceptance literature and discuss eight prominent models, (2) empirically compare the eight models and their extensions, (3) formulate a unified model that integrates elements across the eight models, and (4) empirically validate the unified model. The eight models reviewed are the theory of reasoned action, the technology acceptance model, the motivational model, the theory of planned behavior, a model combining the technology acceptance model and the theory of planned behavior, the model of PC utilization, the innovation diffusion theory, and the social cognitive theory. Using data from four organizations over a six-month period with three points of measurement, the eight models explained between 17 percent and 53 percent of the variance in user intentions to use information technology. Next, a unified model, called the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), was formulated, with four core determinants of intention and usage, and up to four moderators of key relationships. UTAUT was then tested using the original data and found to outperform the eight individual models (adjusted R 2 of 69 percent). UTAUT was then confirmed with data from two new organizations with similar

One result of the increasing sophistication and complexity of MIS theory and research is the number of studies hypothesizing and testing for 1 V. Sambamurthy was the accepting senior editor for this paper. Carte & Russell/Moderation Errors RESEARCH ESSAY moderation effects. A review of the MIS and broader management literatures suggests researchers investigating moderated relationships often commit one or more errors falling into three broad categories: inappropriate use or interpretation of statistics, misalignment of research design with phenomena of interest, and measurement or scaling issues. Examples of nine common errors are presented. Commission of these errors is expected to yield literatures characterized by mixed results at best, and thoroughly erroneous results at worse. Procedures representing examples of best practice and reporting guidelines are provided to help MIS investigators avoid or minimize these errors.

Use is not always what the user says it is in practically any domain, including health care delivery, as the authors ’ research revealed.

This paper develops and validates a theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The extended model aims to predict and explain consumers ’ intentions to transact with an Internet-based business-to-consumer electronic commerce (B2C EC) system by integrating trust and risk perceptions with TAM. Trust is the foundation of commerce. Its influence on business relationships is even greater in the online environment, where there are no face-to-face interactions between the transacting parties. Under these conditions, consumers ' uncertainty on the transaction outcome would increase, and trust plays an important role in their decision to transact online. In this study, perceived risk is proposed to be a direct antecedent of intention to transact, and the various dimensions of trust are proposed to have a positive influence on perceived risk. Besides testing the model, the relative importance of the trust dimensions is also examined. The model was validated using data collected from 133 subjects. The results provided substantial support for most of the proposed hypotheses and showed the significance of the extended constructs. Several new insights on trust in B2C EC were found and their theoretical implications are discussed.

Theoretical and empirical research on technology acceptance, while acknowledging the importance of individual beliefs about the compatibility of a technology, has produced equivocal results. This study focuses on further theoretical and empirical development of this important belief in technology acceptance. Specifically, unlike prior research which has examined only one aspect of compatibility, we provide a more comprehensive conceptual definition that views compatibility as a multi-dimensional construct. Based on the conceptual definition of compatibility, we develop operational measures of the multiple dimensions of compatibility. The model is tested using the World Wide Web (WWW) as the target innovation. Scale validation indicates that the operational measures of compatibility developed in this study have acceptable psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis supports the multi-dimensional structure of this construct. We then assess the nomological validity of this construct by situating it within the Technology Acceptance Model. In contrast to prior research which has regarded beliefs of compatibility as an independent antecedent of attitude, we posit causal linkages among the three beliefs of compatibility, usefulness, and ease of use. Results largely support the theorized relationships. 1 ON THE MULTI-DIMENSIONAL NATURE OF COMPATIBILITY

Abstract not found

The World Wide Web has become the medium of choice for the distribution and use of information by individuals, teams, organizations, and communities. Web sites—the collection of web pages that make up the World Wide Web—are the fundamental means by which that information is retrieved and distributed. Understanding the factors that impact the complexity of a web site is a key step toward effective retrieval and distribution of information and its ultimate use in collaborative activity. This paper proposes three major dimensions of factors that impact the complexity of a web site: (1) cognition, (2) content, and (3) form. These three dimensions and their associated factors comprise how individuals perceive a web site, the content that is located at the site, and the manner in which the web site is constructed. A model and associated propositions are presented, and implications of this approach for research and practice are discussed. This multidimensional view of web site complexity provides a richer approach to understanding how complexity might be examined and, ultimately, reduced. This paper relates to collaborative work through individuals and their interaction with a web site. This interaction is, in fact, a communication between the individual using a web site and an individual, group, or organization responsible for the design of the web site. Additionally, the individual perspective is a necessary starting point for collaborative use between and among people.

This paper reports on a study in a large health services organization which investigated the factors which may affect end user sophistication in the use of computers. Quantitative data were gathered by survey from 194 computer users and structural equation modelling was used to test a conceptual model of user sophistication. The research findings emphasised the importance of computer self-efficacy, on-the-job opportunities to use computers, requisite training, and computer use; all were found to have positive effects on user sophistication. Task uncertainty was shown to negatively impact user sophistication. Contrary to expectation, organizational support had a negative effect on user sophistication. Important corroboratory evidence was also found for the role of computer self-efficacy in explaining IT-related behaviours. Overall, the research findings advance current understanding of how user sophistication is developed in, and influenced by, the working environment in this health org...

Mobile services are heralded to create a tremendous spectrum of business opportunities. User acceptance of these services is of paramount importance. Consequently, a deeper insight into theory-based research is required to better understand the underlying motivations that lead users to adopting mobile services. As mobile services bring additional functional dimensions, including hedonic and experiential aspects, using extant models for predicting mobile services acceptance by individuals may be inadequate. The aim of this paper is to explore, analyse and critically assess the use of existing acceptance theories in the light of the evolving and ubiquitous mobile services and their underlying technologies. Constructs affecting consumer adoption behaviour are discussed and relevant propositions are made. Managerial implications are explored and future research directions are also identified.

Internet banking is an information intensive business and becomes a major trend in the financial marketplace. It is important to understand what factors will impact the actual use of internet banking. Therefore, this paper is aimed at analyzing the determinants of internet banking usage behavior in Korea. This study compares two models that predict an individual’s intention: Theory of Reasoned Action(TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB). The results show that internet banking users ’ attitude and their perceived behavioral control play a vital role in influencing the behavioral intention of internet banking. However, intention is not formed by users ’ subjective norm in both TRA and TPB. In addition, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control is, in turn, influenced by attitudinal belief structures, normative belief structures, control belief structures, respectively. Both TRA and TPB predict behavioral intention to use the internet banking quite well, with TPB having a slight empirical advantage. 1.