Abstract. This paper reviews known results which connect Riemann’s integral representations of his zeta function, involving Jacobi’s theta function and its derivatives, to some particular probability laws governing sums of independent exponential variables. These laws are related to one-dimensional Brownian motion and to higher dimensional Bessel processes. We present some characterizations of these probability laws, and some approximations of Riemann’s zeta function which are related to these laws. Contents

The best currently known algorithm for evaluating the Riemann zeta function, z(s + it ), with s bounded and t large to moderate accuracy (within ± t - c for some c > 0, say) is based on the Riemann-Siegel formula and requires on the order of t 1/2 operations for each value that is computed. New algorithms are presented in this paper which enable one to compute any single value of z(s + it ) with s fixed and T t T + T 1/2 to within ± t - c in O(t e ) operations on numbers of O(log t ) bits for any e > 0, for example, provided a precomputation involving O(T 1/2 + e ) operations and O(T 1/2 + e ) bits of storage is carried out beforehand. These algorithms lead to methods for numerically verifying the Riemann Hypothesis for the first n zeros in what is expected to be O(n 1 + e ) operations (as opposed to about n 3/2 operations for the previous method), as well as improved algorithms for the computation of various arithmetic functions, such as p(x). The new zeta functi...

Comparison between formulae for the counting functions of the heights t n of the Riemann zeros and of semiclassical quantum eigenvalues En suggests that the t n are eigenvalues of an (unknown) hermitean operator H, obtained by quantizing a classical dynamical system with hamiltonian H cl . Many features of H cl are provided by the analogy; for example, the "Riemann dynamics" should be chaotic and have periodic orbits whose periods are multiples of logarithms of prime numbers. Statistics of the t n have a similar structure to those of the semiclassical En ; in particular, they display random-matrix universality at short range, and nonuniversal behaviour over longer ranges. Very refined features of the statistics of the t n can be computed accurately from formulae with quantum analogues. The Riemann-Siegel formula for the zeta function is described in detail. Its interpretation as a relation between long and short periodic orbits gives further insights into the quantum spectral fluctuations. We speculate that the Riemann dynamics is related to the trajectories generated by the classical hamiltonian H cl = XP. Key words. spectral asymptotics, number theory AMS subject classifications. 11M26, 11M06, 35P20, 35Q40, 41A60, 81Q10, 81Q50 PII. S0036144598347497 1.

We provide a compendium of evaluation methods for the Riemann zeta function, presenting formulae ranging from historical attempts to recently found convergent series to curious oddities old and new. We concentrate primarily on practical computational issues, such issues depending on the domain of the argument, the desired speed of computation, and the incidence of what we call "value recycling".

By looking at the average behavior (n-level density) of the low lying zeros of certain families of L-functions, we find evidence, as predicted by function field analogs, in favor of a spectral interpretation of the non-trivial zeros in terms of the classical compact groups. This is further supported by numerical experiments for which an efficient algorithm to compute L-functions was developed and implemented. iii Acknowledgements When Mike Rubinstein woke up one morning he was shocked to discover that he was writing the acknowledgements to his thesis. After two screenplays, a 40000 word manifesto, and many fruitless attempts at making sushi, something resembling a detailed academic work has emerged for which he has people to thank. Peter Sarnak- from Chebyshev's Bias to USp(1). For being a terrific advisor and teacher. For choosing problems suited to my talents and involving me in this great project to understand the zeros of L-functions. Zeev Rudnick and Andrew Oldyzko for many disc...

By looking at the average behavior (n-level density) of the low-lying zeros of certain families of L-functions, we find evidence, as predicted by function field analogs, in favor of a spectral interpretation of the nontrivial zeros in terms of the classical compact groups. 1.

Abstract: We survey a number of models from physics, statistical mechanics, probability theory and combinatorics, which are each described in terms of an orthogonal polynomial ensemble. The most prominent example is apparently the Hermite ensemble, the eigenvalue distribution of the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE), and other well-known ensembles known in random matrix theory like the Laguerre ensemble for the spectrum of Wishart matrices. In recent years, a number of further interesting models were found to lead to orthogonal polynomial ensembles, among which the corner growth model, directed last passage percolation, the PNG droplet, non-colliding random processes, the length of the longest increasing subsequence of a random permutation, and others. Much attention has been paid to universal classes of asymptotic behaviors of these models in the limit of large particle numbers, in particular the spacings between the particles and the fluctuation behavior of the largest particle. Computer simulations suggest that the connections go even farther

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In 1972 Montgomery [20, 21] introduced a new method for studying the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function. One of his main accomplishments was to determine partially the pair correlation of zeros, and to apply his results to obtain new information on multiplicity of zeros and gaps between zeros. Perhaps more