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Abstract—Recognizing behavioral patterns of financial markets is essential for traders. Japanese candlestick chart is a common tool to visualize and analyze such patterns in an economic time series. Since the world was introduced to Japanese candlestick charting, traders saw how combining this tool with intelligent technical approaches creates a powerful formula for the savvy investors. This paper propose a generalization to box counting method of Grassberger-Procaccia, which is based on computing the correlation dimension of Japanese candlesticks instead commonly used ‘close’ points. The results of this method applied on several foreign exchange rates vs. IRR (Iranian Rial). Satisfactorily show lower chaotic dimension of Japanese candlesticks series than regular Grassberger-Procaccia method applied merely on close points of these same candles. This means there is some valuable information inside candlesticks. Keyword—Chaos, Japanese candlestick, generalized box counting, strange attractor. I.

This study employed the Hinich portmanteau bicorrelation test (Hinich and Patterson, 1995; Hinich, 1996) as a diagnostic tool to determine the adequacy of the GARCH model in describing the returns generating process of Malaysia’s stock market, specifically the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Index (KLSE CI). The bicorrelation results demonstrated that, while GARCH model is commonly applied to financial time series, this model cannot provide an adequate characterization for the underlying process of KLSE CI. Further investigation using the windowed test procedure revealed that this was due to the presence of episodic non-stationarity in the data, which could not be captured by any kind of ARCH or GARCH model, even after modifications to the specifications of the GARCH model. Thus, this study points to the need to continue the search for a parsimonious and congruent model capable of capturing the episodic features presence in the returns series of KLSE CI. Keywords: GARCH; Non-linearity; Non-stationarity; Data generating process; Bicorrelation; Malaysian stock market.

To this end, the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) remains a controversial issue, as empirical evidence is inconclusive. This study provides robust empirical evidence to support the view that negligence of non-linearity may be the culprit of these contrasting findings. This paper demonstrates that the non-linear unit root test proposed by Kapetanois et al. [Journal of Econometrics, 2003, 112, pp.359-379] is able to reject unit root in 4 out of 5 cases, implying that deviations of exchange rates is mean reverting towards the PPP equilibrium values from the non-linear perspective, whereas the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test fails in 4 out of 5 cases. Thus, previous conclusions of the invalidity of PPP may be due to misleading results from the ADF test, which has low power against non-linearity. Keywords: JEL Classifications:

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