ion Rule (KFAR) (Baeten, Bergstra & Klop [3]), expresses a global fairness assumption. It says that when possible a system will escape from any cycle of internal actions. Some form of KFAR is crucial for many protocal verifications with unreliable channels, and for that reason preorders and equivalences that satisfy KFAR are of special interest. Must preorders and divergence sensitive ones cannot satisfy KFAR. In Bergstra, Klop & Olderog [7] it is shown that the combination of KFAR with failure semantics is inconsistent, but they formulate a weaker version of KFAR that is satisfied in failure may-semantics. Still the combination of KFAR \Gamma and the liveness requirement appears to require global testing, and is only satisfied in the semantics between contrasimulation (C) and stability respecting branching bisimulation (BB s ). These requirements would reduce the number of suitable preorders to 18. It is in general a good strategy to do your verifications using the finest preorde...

this paper various semantics in the linear time -- branching time spectrum are presented in a uniform, model-independent way. Restricted to the class of finitely branching, concrete, sequential processes, only fifteen of them turn out to be different, and most semantics found in the literature that can be defined uniformly in terms of action relations coincide with one of these fifteen. Several testing scenarios, motivating these semantics, are presented, phrased in terms of `button pushing experiments' on generative and reactive machines. Finally twelve of these semantics are applied to a simple language for finite, concrete, sequential, nondeterministic processes, and for each of them a complete axiomatization is provided.

In this paper we present a solution to the long-standing problem of characterising the coarsest liveness-preserving pre-congruence with respect to a full (TCSP-inspired) process algebra. In fact, we present two distinct characterisations, which give rise to the same relation: an operational one based on a De Nicola-Hennessy-like testing modality which we call should-testing, and a denotational one based on a refined notion of failures. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the should-testing pre-congruence is that it abstracts from divergences in the same way as Milner’s observation congruence, and as a consequence is strictly coarser than observation congruence. In other words, should-testing has a built-in fairness assumption. This is in itself a property long sought-after; it is in notable contrast to the well-known must-testing of De Nicola and Hennessy (denotationally characterised by a combination of failures and divergences), which treats divergence as catrastrophic and hence is incompatible with observation congruence. Due to these characteristics, should-testing supports modular reasoning and allows to use the proof techniques of observation congruence, but also supports additional laws and techniques.

Abstract. We propose a denotational model for real time concurrent systems, based on the failures model for CSP. The fixed point theory is based on the Banach fixed point theorem for complete metric spaces, since the introduction of time as a measure makes all recursive operators naturally contractive. This frees us from many of the constraints imposed by partial orders on the treatment of nondeterminism and divergence. 1

We study the supervisory control of nondeterministic discrete event dynamical systems (DEDS's) with driven events in the setting of prioritized synchronization and trajectory models introduced by Heymann. Prioritized synchronization captures the notions of controllable, uncontrollable, and driven events in a natural way, and we use it for constructing supervisory controllers. The trajectory model is used for characterizing the behavior of nondeterministic DEDS's since it is a sufficiently detailed model (in contrast to the less detailed language or failures models), and serves as a language congruence with respect to the operation of prioritized synchronization. We obtain results concerning controllability and observability in this general setting. Keywords: discrete event systems, supervisory control, nondeterministic automata, driven events, prioritized synchronization, trajectory models AMS (MOS) subject classifications: 68Q75, 93B25, 93C83 1 Introduction Supervisory control o...

The aim of this paper is to nd the nest `observable ' and `implementable' equivalence on concurrent processes. This is a part of a larger programme to develop a theory of observable processes where semantics of processes are based on locally and nitely observable process behaviour, and all process constructs are allowed, provided their operational meaning is de ned by realistically implementable transition rules.

Abstract. We define a formal contract language along with subcontract and compliance relations. We then extrapolate contracts out of processes, that are a recursion-free fragment of ccs. We finally demonstrate that a client completes its interactions with a service provided the corresponding contracts comply. Our contract language may be used as a foundation of Web services technologies, such as wsdl and wscl. 1

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In this paper we extend our earlier work on supervisory control of nondeterministic systems using prioritized synchronization as the mechanism of control and trajectory model as the modeling formalism by considering design of supervisors under partial observation. We introduce the notion of observation-compatible systems and show that prioritized synchronous composition of observation-compatible systems can be used as a mechanism of control of nondeterministic systems under partial observation in presence of driven events. Necessary and sufficient conditions, that depend on the trajectory model as opposed to the language model of the plant, are obtained for the existence of centralized as well as decentralized supervision. Our work on centralized control shows that the results of the traditional supervisory control can be "extended" to the above setting provided the supervisor is deterministic and the observation mask is projection type. On the other hand, our work on decentralized co...

This thesis concerns the relationship between continuous and discrete modelling paradigms for timed concurrent systems, and the exploitation of this relationship towards applications, in particular model checking. The framework we have chosen is Reed and Roscoe's process algebra Timed CSP, in which semantic issues can be examined from both a denotational and an operational perspective. The continuous-time model we use is the timed failures model; on the discrete-time side, we build a suitable model in a CSP-like setting by incorporating a distinguished tock event to model the passage of time. We study the connections between these two models and show that our framework can be used to verify certain speci cations on continuous-time processes, by building upon and extending results of Henzinger, Manna, and Pnueli's. Moreover, this veri cation can in many cases be carried out directly on the model checker FDR . Results are illustrated with a small railway level crossing case study. We also construct a second, more sophisticated discretetime model which reects continuous behaviour in a manner more consistent with one's intuition, and show that our results carry over this second model as well.