This article continues with the curriculum redeft- nition effort and focuses on concepts that should be taught in an introductory programming course. Textbooks used in introductory programming courses typically focus on the syntax and semantics of constructs in a language. New research with novice programmers, however, suggests that language This work was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, under NSF Grants MDR-8470150, DPE-8470014, and IST-8505019