In contrast to the common view of spreadsheets as “single-user ” programs, we have found that spreadsheets offer surprisingly strong support for cooperative development of a wide variety of applications. Ethnographic interviews with spreadsheet users showed that nearly all of the spreadsheets used in the work environments studied were the result of collaborative work by people with different levels of programming and domain expertise. Cooperation among spreadsheet users was spontaneous and casual; users activated existing informal social networks to initiate collaboration.

Abstract. The casual user is typically overwhelmed by the formal logic of the Semantic Web. The gap between the end user and the logic-based scaffolding has to be bridged if the Semantic Web’s capabilities are to be utilized by the general public. This paper proposes that controlled natural languages offer one way to bridge the gap. We introduce GINO, a guided input natural language ontology editor that allows users to edit and query ontologies in a language akin to English. It uses a small static grammar, which it dynamically extends with elements from the loaded ontologies. The usability evaluation shows that GINO is well-suited for novice users when editing ontologies. We believe that the use of guided entry overcomes the habitability problem, which adversely affects most natural language systems. Additionally, the approach’s dynamic grammar generation allows for easy adaptation to new ontologies. 1

In the past few years, the computational linguistics research community has begun to wrestle with the problem of howtoevaluate its progress in developing natural language processing systems. With the exception of natural language interfaces there are few working systems in existence, and they tend to focus on very di#erent tasks using equally di#erent techniques. There has been little agreement in the #eld about training sets and test sets, or about clearly de#ned subsets of problems that constitute standards for di#erent levels of performance. Even those groups that have attempted a measure of self-evaluation have often been reduced to discussing a system's performance in isolation - comparing its current performance to its previous performance rather than to another system. As this technology begins to move slowly into the marketplace, the lack of useful evaluation techniques is becoming more and more painfully obvious.

Many studies have shown the advantages of building multimodal systems, however not in the interactive TV application context. This paper reports on a qualitative study of a multimodal program guide for interactive TV. The system was designed by adding speech interaction to an already existing TV program guide. Study results indicate that spoken natural language input combined with visual output is preferable for TV applications. Furthermore, the user feedback requires a clear distinction between the dialogue system's domain result and system status in the visual output. Consequently, we propose an interaction model that consists of three entities: user, domain results, and system feedback.

Empirical studies of spreadsheet programming have commonly shown high over all error rates but much less attention has been paid to reasons for these errors. One often mentioned cause for errors is the low conceptual level of spreadsheet systems. By changing the conceptual level of spreadsheet system, we wanted to study whether this will produce different type of errors compared to traditional spreadsheet systems. In this paper we present an empirical study comparing the traditional spreadsheet calculation paradigm with the structured spreadsheet calculation paradigm that utilizes goals, plans and spreadsheet data structures in computation. The results show that the error behavior of novice spreadsheet users is systematically different between paradigms. Introduction Traditional spreadsheet calculation systems provide a fast method to express data and to make calculations, provided that there is some natural way to lay all the data on one or more twodimensional sheets. Spreadsheet cal...

Computer users with motor impairments find it difficult and, in many cases, impossible to access PC functionality through the physical keyboard-and-mouse interface. Studies show that even able-bodied users experience similar difficulties when interacting with mobile devices; this is due to the reduced size/usability of the input interfaces. Advances in speech recognition have made it possible to design speech interfaces for alphanumeric data entry and indirect manipulation (cursor control). Although several related commercial applications exist, such systems do not provide a complete solution for arbitrary keyboard and mouse access, such as the access needed for, say, typing, compiling, and executing a C++ program.

Programming knowledge can be characterized in the form of goals and plans that describe what must be achieved and how this is done. We have conducted interviews of spreadsheet users and analyzed spreadsheet applications qualitatively. The analysis resulted in a set of basic programming goals and plans describing spreadsheet programming knowledge. This paper introduces a model for spreadsheet programming knowledge description and uses it to present the results of our analysis.

INTRODUCTION In the past few years, the computational linguistics research community has begun to wrestle with the problem of how to evaluate its progress in developing natural language processing systems. With the exception of natural language interfaces, there are few working systems in existence, and they tend to focus on very different tasks using equally different techniques. There has been little agreement in the field about training sets and test sets, or about clearly defined subsets of problems that constitute standards for different levels of performance. Even those groups that have attempted a measure of self-evaluation have often been reduced to discussing a system's performance in isolation --comparing its current performance to its previous performance rather than to another system. As this technology begins to move slowly into the marketplace, the lack of useful evaluation techniques is becoming more and more painfully obvious. In order to make progress in the difficu