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...ir own products, often using internallyproduced components and proprietary technologies developed in large R&D labs. Even as Silicon Valley-type startups flourished in personal computers, software and semiconductors, the large vertically integrated companies created and captured a large share of the value of innovation in electronics into the 1990s. Since then, there has been a shift by firms in many industries to focus on core competencies and outsource other activities, creating global production networks or value chains that cross corporate and national boundaries (Dedrick & Kraemer, 1998; Gereffi et al., 2005). In the prominent case of the electronics industry, this has taken the form of modular production networks, in which the interfaces between firms are clearly codified (Sturgeon, 2002).2 Companies that formerly manufactured most products in-house, as well as start-ups that never had manufacturing capabilities, have outsourced production, and even product development, to turn-key suppliers known as contract manufacturers (CMs) and original design manufacturers (ODMs). Today, the creation and production of a successful product in one of these global value chains spreads wealth far beyond the lea...

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...integration as opposed to statist strategies) and the global value chain perspective, which examines the ‘possibilities for firms in developing countries to enhance their position in global markets’ (=-=Gereffi et al. 2005-=-). While the global value chain literature does not necessarily express skepticism or hostility towards the state, the role of governments as potential facilitators (or inhibitors) of development rece...

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...that have been identified byscluster researchers as being important: 1) the complexity of information exchange; 2)sthe codifiability of knowledge; and 3) the capabilities resident in the supply-bases(=-=Gereffi et al, 2005-=-). The complimentary nature of the two streams of scholarshipsrepresents an opportunity that we will explore through the case of the automotivesindustry.s3. Global value chains in the automotive indus...

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...international agreements, but also the coordination of supply chains and the promulgationsof private codes of conduct regarding labor or environmental standards (Cutler, Hauffler, ands2 Porter, 1999; =-=Gereffi, Humphrey, & Sturgeon, 2005-=-; Levy & Newell, 2005; Prakash & Hart,s1999).sThis paper develops a critical framework on international management and productionsthat analyzes the intersection of geographically dispersed economic ne...

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...d outside the region. This is registered in the burgeoning literature on global commodity chains, global value chains and global production networks (Coe et al., 2004; Gereffi and Korzeniewicz, 2004; =-=Gereffi et al., 2005-=-; Hudson, 2008). Building ‘clusters’ of activities within regions, fostering the intra-regional cohesiveness of economies, is seen as a way of enhancing global competitiveness. The ‘success’ of such r...

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...nd the ability to codify is high, then low supplier capability would lead tosexclusion from the value chain. While this is an important outcome, it does not generate asgovernance type per se.sSource: =-=Gereffi, Humphrey, and Sturgeon, 2005-=-; as adapted by Dicken, 2007, p. 158.sThis “GVC governance” framework helped us to explain why some value chain activities aresfirmly rooted in place and some are more easily relocated.sSpecifically, ...