In functional programming, intermediate data structures are often used to "glue" together small programs. Deforestation is a program transformation to remove these intermediate data structures automatically. We present a simple algorithm for deforestation based on two fusion rules for hylomorphism, an expressive recursion pattern. A generic notation for hylomorphisms is introduced, where natural transformations are explicitly factored out, and it is used to represent programs. Our method successfully eliminates intermediate data structures of any algebraic type from a much larger class of compositional functional programs than previous techniques. 1 Introduction In functional programming, programs are often constructed by "gluing" together small components, using intermediate data structures to convey information between them. Such data are constructed in one component and later consumed in another component, but never appear in the result of the whole program. The compositional styl...

Fold and unfold are general purpose functionals for processing and constructing lists. By using the categorical approach of modelling recursive datatypes as fixed points of functors, these functionals and their algebraic properties were generalised from lists to polynomial (sum-of-product) datatypes. However, the restriction to polynomial datatypes is a serious limitation: it precludes the use of exponentials (functionspaces) , whereas it is central to functional programming that functions are first-class values, and so exponentials should be able to be used freely in datatype definitions. In this paper we explain how Freyd's work on modelling recursive datatypes as fixed points of difunctors shows how to generalise fold and unfold from polynomial datatypes to those involving exponentials. Knowledge of category theory is not required; we use Gofer throughout as our meta-language, making extensive use of constructor classes. 1 Introduction During the 1980s, Bird and Meertens [6, 22] d...

Program fusion is the process whereby separate pieces of code are fused into a single piece, typically transforming a multi-pass algorithm into a single pass. Recent work has made it clear that the process is especially successful if the loops or recursions are expressed using catamorphisms (e.g.foldr) and constructor-abstraction (e.g. build). In this paper we show how to transform recursive programs into this form automatically, thus enabling the fusion transformation to be applied more easily than before. 1 Introduction There are significant advantages to multi-pass algorithms, in which intermediate data-structures are created and traversed. In particular, each of the passes may be relatively simple, so are both easier to write and are potentially more reusable. By separating many distinct phases it becomes possible to focus on a single task, rather than attempting to do many things at the same time. The classic toy example of this is to compute the sum of the squares of the numbe...

Generic Haskell is an extension of Haskell that supports the construction of generic programs. During the development of several applications, such as an XML editor and compressor, we encountered a number of limitations with the existing (Classic) Generic Haskell language, as implemented by the current Generic Haskell compiler. Specifically,

We revisit the work of Paterson and of Meijer & Hutton, which describes how to construct catamorphisms for recursive datatype definitions that embed contravariant occurrences of the type being defined. Their construction requires, for each catamorphism, the definition of an anamorphism that has an inverse-like relationship to that catamorphism. We present an alternative construction, which replaces the stringent requirement that an inverse anamorphism be defined for each catamorphism with a more lenient restriction. The resulting construction has a more efficient implementation than that of Paterson, Meijer, and Hutton and the relevant restriction can be enforced by a HindleyMilner type inference algorithm. We provide numerous examples illustrating our method. 1 Introduction Functional programmers often use catamorphisms (or fold functions) as an elegant means of expressing algorithms over algebraic datatypes. Catamorphisms have also been used by functional programmers as a medium in ...

this paper, we propose an algorithm which can automatically turn all practical recursive definitions into structural hylomorphisms making program fusion be easily applied. 1 Introduction

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A polytypic function definition is a function definition that is parametrised with a datatype. It embraces a class of algorithms. As an example we define a simple polytypic "crush" combinator that can be used to calculate polytypically. The ability to define functions polytypically adds another level of flexibility in the reusability of programming idioms and in the design of libraries of interoperable components.

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Fusion, one of the most useful transformation tactics for deriving efficient programs, is the process whereby separate pieces of programs are fused into a single one, leading to an efficient program with no intermediate data structures produced. In this paper, we report our on-going investigation on the design and implementation of an automatic transformation system HYLO which performs fusion transformation in a more systematic and more general way than any other systems. The distinguished point of our system is its calculational feature based on simple application of transformation laws rather than traditional search-based transformation. Keywords Program Transformation, Fusion, Constructive Algorithmics, Bird-Meertens Formalisms 1 INTRODUCTION Program transformation has been advocated as the linchpin of a programming paradigm in which the derivation of efficient programs from naive specification of problems is a formal and mechanically supported process [PP93]. It does not attempt ...