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Renormalization automated by Hopf algebra

We analyse the NC-space underlying the quantum group SUq(2) from the spectral point of view which is the basis of noncommutative geometry, and show how the general theory developped in our joint work with H. Moscovici applies to the specific spectral triple defined by Chakraborty and Pal. This provides the pseudo-differential calculus, the Wodzciki-type residue, and the local cyclic cocycle giving the index formula. The cochain whose coboundary is the difference between the original Chern character and the local one is given by the remainders in the rational approximation of the logarithmic derivative of the Dedekind eta function. This specific example allows to illustrate the general notion of locality in NCG. The formulas computing the residue are ”local”. Locality by stripping all the expressions from irrelevant details makes them computable. The key feature of this spectral triple is its equivariance, i.e. the SUq(2)-symmetry. We shall explain how this leads naturally to the general concept of invariant cyclic cohomology in the framework of quantum group symmetries.

We settle in this paper a question left open in our paper “Modular Hecke algebras and their Hopf symmetry”, by showing how to extend the Rankin-Cohen brackets from modular forms to modular Hecke algebras. More generally, our procedure yields such brackets on any associative algebra endowed with an action of the Hopf algebra of transverse geometry in codimension one, such that the derivation corresponding to the Schwarzian derivative is inner. Moreover, we show in full generality that these Rankin-Cohen brackets give rise to associative deformations.

We introduce and begin to analyse a class of algebras, associated to congruence subgroups, that extend both the algebra of modular forms of all levels and the ring of classical Hecke operators. At the intuitive level, these are algebras of ‘polynomial coordinates ’ for the ‘transverse space ’ of lattices modulo the action of the Hecke correspondences. Their underlying symmetry is shown to be encoded by the same Hopf algebra that controls the transverse geometry of codimension 1 foliations. Its action is shown to span the ‘holomorphic tangent space ’ of the noncommutative space, and each of its three basic Hopf cyclic cocycles acquires a specific meaning. The Schwarzian 1-cocycle gives an inner derivation implemented by the level 1 Eisenstein series of weight 4. The Hopf cyclic 2-cocycle representing the transverse fundamental class provides a natural extension of the first Rankin-Cohen bracket to the modular Hecke algebras. Lastly, the Hopf cyclic version of the Godbillon-Vey cocycle gives rise to a 1-cocycle on PSL(2, Q) with values in Eisenstein series of weight 2, which, when coupled with the ‘period ’ cocycle, yields a representative of the Euler class. Research supported by the National Science Foundation award no. DMS-9988487.

We review the structures imposed on perturbative QFT by the fact that its Feynman diagrams provide Hopf and Lie algebras. We emphasize the role which the Hopf algebra plays in renormalization by providing the forest formulas. We exhibit how the associated Lie algebra originates from an operadic operation of graph insertions. Particular emphasis is given to the connection with the Riemann–Hilbert problem. Finally, we outline how these structures relate to the numbers which we see in Feynman diagrams. ∗ hep-th/0010059, MZ-TH/00-42

The Lie algebra of Feynman graphs gives rise to two natural representations, acting as derivations on the commutative Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs, by creating or eliminating subgraphs. Insertions and eliminations do not commute, but rather establish a larger Lie algebra of derivations which we here determine.

Dedicated to André HAEFLIGER, whose philosophy of differentiable cohomology has inspired the present paper We prove a cyclic cohomological analogue of Haefliger’s van Esttype theorem for the groupoid of germs of diffeomorphisms of a manifold. The differentiable version of cyclic cohomology is associated to the algebra of transverse differential operators on that groupoid, which is shown to carry an intrinsic Hopf algebraic structure. We establish a canonical isomorphism between the periodic Hopf cyclic cohomology of this extended Hopf algebra and the Gelfand-Fuchs cohomology of the Lie algebra of formal vector fields. We then show that this isomorphism can be explicitly implemented at the cochain level, by a cochain map constructed out of a fixed torsion-free linear connection. This allows the direct treatment of the index formula for the hypoelliptic signature operator – representing the diffeomorphism invariant transverse fundamental K-homology class of an oriented manifold – in the general case, when this operator is constructed by means of an arbitrary coupling connection.

We begin by considering the graded vector space with a basis consisting of rooted trees, with grading given by the count of non-root vertices. We define two linear operators on this vector space, the growth and pruning operators, which respectively raise and lower grading; their commutator is the operator that multiplies a rooted tree by its number of vertices, and each operator naturally associates a multiplicity to each pair of rooted trees. By using symmetry groups of trees we define an inner product with respect to which the growth and pruning operators are adjoint, and obtain several results about the associated multiplicities. Now the symmetric algebra on the vector space of rooted trees (after a degree shift) can be endowed with a coproduct to make a Hopf algebra; this was defined by Kreimer in connection with renormalization. We extend the growth and pruning operators to Kreimer’s Hopf algebra and relate them via the inner product. On the other hand, the vector space of rooted trees itself can be given a noncommutative multiplication: with an appropriate coproduct, this leads to the Hopf algebra of Grossman and Larson. We show that the inner product on rooted trees leads to an isomorphism of the Grossman-Larson Hopf algebra with the graded dual of Kreimer’s Hopf algebra, correcting an earlier result of Panaite. 1

Abstract The renormalization of quantum field theory twists the antipode of a noncocommutative Hopf algebra of rooted trees, decorated by an infinite set of primitive divergences. The Hopf algebra of undecorated rooted trees, HR, generated by a single primitive divergence, solves a universal problem in Hochschild cohomology. It has two nontrivial closed Hopf subalgebras: the cocommutative subalgebra Hladder of pure ladder diagrams and the Connes-Moscovici noncocommutative subalgebra HCM of noncommutative geometry. These three Hopf algebras admit a bigrading by n, the number of nodes, and an index k that specifies the degree of primitivity. In each case, we use iterations of the relevant coproduct to compute the dimensions of subspaces with modest values of n and k and infer a simple generating procedure for the remainder. The results for Hladder are familiar from the theory of partitions, while those for HCM involve novel transforms of partitions. Most beautiful is the bigrading of HR, the largest of the three. Thanks to Sloane’s superseeker, we discovered that it saturates all possible inequalities. We prove this by using the universal Hochschild-closed one-cocycle B+, which plugs one set of divergences into another, and by generalizing the concept of natural growth beyond that entailed by the Connes-Moscovici case. We emphasize the yet greater challenge of handling the infinite set of decorations of realistic quantum field theory.