A numerical study of the distribution of spacings between zeros of the Riemann zeta function is presented. It is based on values for the first 10 5 zeros and for zeros number 10 12 + 1 to 10 12 + 10 5 that are accurate to within ± 10 − 8, and which were calculated on the Cray-1 and Cray X-MP computers. This study tests the Montgomery pair correlation conjecture as well as some further conjectures that predict that the zeros of the zeta function behave similarly to eigenvalues of random hermitian matrices. Matrices of this type are used in modeling energy levels in physics, and many statistical properties of their eigenvalues are known. The agreement between actual statistics for zeros of the zeta function and conjectured results is generally good, and improves at larger heights. Several initially unexpected phenomena were found in the data and some were explained by

Comparison between formulae for the counting functions of the heights t n of the Riemann zeros and of semiclassical quantum eigenvalues En suggests that the t n are eigenvalues of an (unknown) hermitean operator H, obtained by quantizing a classical dynamical system with hamiltonian H cl . Many features of H cl are provided by the analogy; for example, the "Riemann dynamics" should be chaotic and have periodic orbits whose periods are multiples of logarithms of prime numbers. Statistics of the t n have a similar structure to those of the semiclassical En ; in particular, they display random-matrix universality at short range, and nonuniversal behaviour over longer ranges. Very refined features of the statistics of the t n can be computed accurately from formulae with quantum analogues. The Riemann-Siegel formula for the zeta function is described in detail. Its interpretation as a relation between long and short periodic orbits gives further insights into the quantum spectral fluctuations. We speculate that the Riemann dynamics is related to the trajectories generated by the classical hamiltonian H cl = XP. Key words. spectral asymptotics, number theory AMS subject classifications. 11M26, 11M06, 35P20, 35Q40, 41A60, 81Q10, 81Q50 PII. S0036144598347497 1.

We calculate the triple correlations for the truncated divisor sum λR(n). The λR(n) behave over certain averages just as the prime counting von Mangoldt function Λ(n) does or is conjectured to do. We also calculate the mixed (with a factor of Λ(n)) correlations. The results for the moments up to the third degree, and therefore the implications for the distribution of primes in short intervals, are the same as those we obtained (in the first paper with this title) by using the simpler approximation ΛR(n). However, when λR(n) is used, the error in the singular series approximation is often much smaller than what ΛR(n) allows. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) for Dirichlet L-functions, we obtain an Ω±-result for the variation of the error term in the prime number theorem. Formerly, our knowledge under GRH was restricted to Ω-results for the absolute value of this variation. An important ingredient in the last part of this work is a recent result due to Montgomery and Soundararajan which makes it possible for us to dispense with a large error term in the evaluation of a certain singular series average. We believe that our results on the sums λR(n) and ΛR(n) can be employed in diverse problems concerning primes. 1.

In 1972 Montgomery [20, 21] introduced a new method for studying the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function. One of his main accomplishments was to determine partially the pair correlation of zeros, and to apply his results to obtain new information on multiplicity of zeros and gaps between zeros. Perhaps more

Dedicated to Freeman Dyson, with best wishes on the occasion of his eightieth birthday. Abstract. Contrary to what would be predicted on the basis of Cramér’s model concerning the distribution of prime numbers, we develop evidence that the distribution of ψ(x + H) − ψ(x), for 0 ≤ x ≤ N, is approximately normal with mean ∼ H and variance ∼ H log N/H, when N δ ≤ H ≤ N 1−δ. Cramér [4] modeled the distribution of prime numbers by independent random variables Xn (for n ≥ 3) that take the value 1 (n is “prime”) with probability 1 / logn and take the value 0 (n is “composite”) with probability 1 − 1 / log n. If pn denotes the n th prime

Abstract. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, we obtain a lower bound within a constant factor of the conjectured asymptotic result for the second moment for primes in an individual arithmetic progression in short intervals. Previous results were averaged over all progression of a given modulus. The method uses a short divisor sum approximation for the von Mangoldt function, together with some new results for binary correlations of this divisor sum approximation in arithmetic progressions. 1. Introduction and Statement of

The paper studies the local zero spacings of deformations of the Riemann ξ-function under certain averaging and differencing operations. For real h we consider the entire functions Ah(s): = 1 2 (ξ(s + h) + ξ(s − h)) and Bh(s) = 1

ABSTRACT. Consider the variance for the number of primes that are both in the interval [y, y + h] for y 2 [x,2x] and in an arithmetic progression of modulus q. We study the total variance obtained by adding these variances over all the reduced residue classes modulo q. Assuming a strong form of the twin prime conjecture and the Riemann Hypothesis one can obtain an asymptotic formula for the total variance in the range when 1 hÛq x 1Û2 è, for anyèÙ0. We show that one can still obtain some weaker asymptotic results assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis (GRH) in place of the twin prime conjecture. In their simplest form, our results are that on GRH the same asymptotic formula obtained with the twin prime conjecture is true for “almost all ” q in the range 1 hÛq h 1Û4 è, that on averaging over q one obtains an asymptotic formula in the extended range 1 hÛq h 1Û2 è, and that there are lower bounds with the correct order of magnitude for all q in the range 1 hÛq x 1Û3 è.

In this article, we prove an “equivalence ” between two higher even moments of primes in short intervals under Riemann Hypothesis. We also provide numerical evidence in support of these asymptotic formulas.

Goldston and Montgomery [3] proved that the Strong Pair Correlation Conjecture and two second moments of primes in short intervals are equivalent to each other under Riemann Hypothesis. In this paper, we get the second main terms for each of the above and show that they are almost equivalent to each other. 1