this paper are algebraic dcpos, and many of the points discussed here will be needed later in the special case. 2 They provide a simple example to illustrate the "Display categories" in Section 3.2

Results of Bunge and Funk and of Johnstone, providing constructively sound descriptions of the global points of the lower and upper powerlocales, are extended here to describe the generalized points and proved in a way that displays in a symmetric fashion two complementary treatments of frames: as suplattices and as preframes. We then also describe the points of the Vietoris powerlocale. In each of two special cases, an exponential $ D ($ being the Sierpinsky locale) is shown to be homeomorphic to a powerlocale: to the lower powerlocale when D is discrete, and to the upper powerlocale when D is compact regular. 1

An injective space is a topological space with a strong extension property for continuous maps with values on it. A certain filter space construction embeds every T0 topological space into an injective space. The construction gives rise to a monad. We show that the monad is of the Kock-Zöberlein type and apply this to obtain a simple proof of the fact that the algebras are the continuous lattices (Alan Day, 1975, Oswald Wyler, 1976). In previous work we established an injectivity theorem for monads of this type, which characterizes the injective objects over a certain class of embeddings as the algebras. For the filter monad, the class turns out to consist precisely of the subspace embeddings. We thus obtain as a corollary that the injective spaces over subspace embeddings are the continuous lattices endowed with the Scott topology (Dana Scott, 1972). Similar results are obtained for continuous Scott domains, which are characterized as the injective spaces over dense subspace embeddings. Key-words: Extension of maps, injective space, continuous lattice, continuous Scott domain, domain theory, Kock-Zöberlein monad. AMS classification: 54C20, 06B35, 18C20. 1

The contravariant powerset, and its generalisations ΣX to the lattices of open subsets of a locally compact topological space and of recursively enumerable subsets of numbers, satisfy the Euclidean principle that φ ∧ F (φ) =φ ∧ F (⊤). Conversely, when the adjunction Σ (−) ⊣ Σ (−) is monadic, this equation implies that Σ classifies some class of monos, and the Frobenius law ∃x.(φ(x) ∧ ψ) =(∃x.φ(x)) ∧ ψ) for the existential quantifier. In topology, the lattice duals of these equations also hold, and are related to the Phoa principle in synthetic domain theory. The natural definitions of discrete and Hausdorff spaces correspond to equality and inequality, whilst the quantifiers considered as adjoints characterise open (or, as we call them, overt) and compact spaces. Our treatment of overt discrete spaces and open maps is precisely dual to that of compact Hausdorff spaces and proper maps. The category of overt discrete spaces forms a pretopos and the paper concludes with a converse of Paré’s theorem (that the contravariant powerset functor is monadic) that characterises elementary toposes by means of the monadic and Euclidean properties together with all quantifiers, making no reference to subsets.

ut by applying T to some poset (namely the original poset less the bottom). Both these properties fail to hold constructively, if the lift monad is interpreted as "adding a bottom"; see Remark below. If, on the other hand, we interpret the lift monad as the one which freely provides supremum for each subset with at most one element (which is what we shall do), then the first property holds; and we give a necessary and sufficient condition that the second does. Finally, we shall investigate the lift monad in the context of (constructive) locale theory. I would like to thank Bart Jacobs for guiding me to the litterature on Z-systems; to Gonzalo Reyes for calling my attention to Barr's work on totally connected spaces; to Steve Vickers for some pertinent correspondence. I would like to thank the Netherlands Science Organization (NWO) for supporting my visit to Utrecht, where a part of the present research was carried out, and for various travel support from

ABSTRACT. By abstract Stone duality we mean that the topology or contravariant powerset functor, seen as a self-adjoint exponential Σ (−) on some category, is monadic. Using Beck’s theorem, this means that certain equalisers exist and carry the subspace topology. These subspaces are encoded by idempotents that play a role similar to that of nuclei in locale theory. Paré showed that any elementary topos has this duality, and we prove it intuitionistically for the category of locally compact locales. The paper is largely concerned with the construction of such a category out of one that merely has powers of some fixed object Σ. It builds on Sober Spaces and Continuations, where the related but weaker notion of abstract sobriety was considered. The construction is done first by formally adjoining certain equalisers that Σ (−) takes to coequalisers, then using Eilenberg–Moore algebras, and finally presented as a lambda calculus similar to the axiom of comprehension in set theory. The comprehension calculus has a normalisation theorem, by which every type can

The approach to process semantics using quantales and modules is topologized by considering tropological systems whose sets of states are replaced by locales and which satisfy a suitable stability axiom. A corresponding notion of localic suplattice (algebra for the lower powerlocale monad) is described, and it is shown that there are contravariant functors from sup-lattices to localic sup-latices and, for each quantale Q, from left Q-modules to localic right Q-modules. A proof technique for third completeness due to Abramsky and Vickers is reset constructively, and an example of application to failures semantics is given.

An injective space is a topological space with a strong extension property for continuous maps with values on it. A certain filter space construction embeds every T0 topological space into an injective space. The construction gives rise to a monad. We show that the monad is of the Kock-Zöberlein type and apply this to obtain a simple proof of the fact that the algebras are the continuous lattices (Alan Day, 1975). In previous work we established an injectivity theorem for monads of this type, which characterizes the injective objects over a certain class of embeddings as the algebras. For the filter monad, the class turns out to consist precisely of the subspace embeddings. We thus obtain as a corollary that the injective spaces over subspace embeddings are the continuous lattices endowed with the Scott topology (Dana Scott, 1972). Similar results are obtained for continuous Scott domains, which are characterized as the injective spaces over dense subspace embeddings. Key-words: Extension of maps, injective space, continuous lattice, continuous Scott domain, domain theory, Kock-Zöberlein monad. AMS classification: 54C20, 54C25, 54C15, 54E99, 06B35, 18C20. 1

Many categories of semantic domains can be considered from an order-theoretic point of view and from a topological point of view via the Scott topology. The topological point of view is particularly fruitful for considerations of computability in classical spaces such as the Euclidean real line. When one embeds topological spaces into domains, one requires that the Scott continuous maps between the host domains fully capture the continuous maps between the guest topological spaces. This property of the host domains is known as injectivity. For example, the continuous Scott domains are characterized as the injective spaces over dense subspace embeddings (Dana Scott, 1972, 1980). From a third point of view, the continuous Scott domains arise as the algebras of a monad (Wyler, 1985). The topological characterization by injectivity turns out to follow from the algebraic characterization and general category theory (Escard'o 1998). In this paper we systematically consider monads that arise ...