this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of Wright Laboratory or the U. S. Government. The U. S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Government purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation thereon. This manuscript is submitted for publication with the understanding that the U. S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes. Authors' address: School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; email: amy;wing@cs.cmu.edu. To appear, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM), April 1995. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. c fl 1995 ACM xxxx-xxxx/xx/xxxx-xxxx $xx.xx 2 \Delta A. Moormann Zaremski and J. M. Wing ware libraries successfully, especially as libraries increase in size, is the availability of good tools to organize, navigate through, and retrieve from libraries. Currently many libraries use the file system for their only organization (directories and files) and file system and editor commands for navigation and retrieval. For example, the local ML library is organized with categories of components as directories (e.g., local/lib/Container/, local/lib/Threads/); one uses ls and

A constructive characterization is given of the isomorphisms which must hold in all models of the typed lambda calculus with surjective pairing. By the close relation between closed Cartesian categories and models of these calculi, we also produce a characterization of those isomorphisms which hold in all CCC's. By the correspondence between these calculi and proofs in intuitionistic positive propositional logic, we thus provide a characterization of equivalent formulae of this logic, where the definition of equivalence of terms depends on having "invertible" proofs between the two terms. Rittri (1989), on types as search keys in program libraries, provides an interesting example of use of these characterizations.

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Software reuse is only effective if it is easier to locate (and appropriately modify) a reusable component than to write it from scratch. We present signature matching as a method for achieving this goal by using signature information easily derived from the component. We consider two kinds of software components, functions and modules, and hence two kinds of matching, function matching and module matching. The signature of a function is simply its type; the signature of a module is a multiset of user-defined types and a multiset of function signatures. For both functions and modules, we consider not just exact match, but also various flavors of relaxed match. We briefly describe an experimental facility written in Standard ML for performing signature matching over a library of ML functions. This research was sponsored by the Avionics Laboratory, Wright Research and Development Center, Aeronautical Systems Division (AFSC), U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433-6543 under Con...

Polymorphic types are labels classifying both (a) defined components in a library and (b) contexts of free variables in partially written programs. We propose to help programmers make better use of software libraries by providing a system that, given (b), identifies candidates from (a) with matching types. Assuming at first that matching means unifying (ie having a common instance) we discuss efficient ways of implementing such a retrieval system, and also indicate its likely effectiveness based on a quantitative study of currently available libraries. Later we introduce the applicative instance relation between types, which captures some intuitions about generalisation/specialisation, and discuss its use as the basis of a more flexible system. 1. INTRODUCTION Much programming effort can be saved by making good use of libraries of pre-defined components. In a functional language the majority of such components are functions and many of them are higher order functions, extensive use o...

Rapide is a programming language framework designed for the development of large, concurrent, real-time systems by prototyping. The framework consists of a type language and default executable, specification and architecture languages, along with associated programming tools. We describe the main features of the type language, its intended use in a prototyping environment, and rationale for selected design decisions. 1 Introduction Rapide is a programming language framework with an associated toolset. The framework consists of a set of languages, while the toolset provides related program development and diagnostic tools. The framework includes a type language, a default executable language, a default specification language, and an architecture language. Although these languages together provide a complete programming language, Rapide is intended to accommodate additional implementation and specification languages, besides the default ones provided by the framework. The constant of the...

Reusable software components from a library are individually indexed with a set of keywords. To retrieve components the user incrementally specifies a set of keywords that the searched components are required to have. After each step the selected components and the exact set of remaining significant keywords needed to refine the query further are presented to the user. The process ensures that at least one component is found and the user cannot specify conflicting keywords. The efficient computation of retrieved components and significant keywords is based on the precalculated concepts of the library, which are natural pairs of component and keyword sets. The concepts form a lattice of super- and subconcepts and are obtained by formal concept analysis of the relation over components and keywords. The two main theorems state how to calculate the result of a query and the remaining significant keywords using the concept lattice. An implementation of the proposed approach shows that the u...

An improved method to retrieve a library function via its Hindley/Milner type is described. Previous retrieval systems have identified types that are isomorphic in any Cartesian closed category (CCC), and have retrieved library functions of types that are either isomorphic to the query, or have instances that are. Sometimes it is useful to instantiate the query too, which requires unification modulo isomorphism. Although unifiability modulo CCCisomorphism is undecidable, it is decidable modulo linear isomorphism, that is, isomorphism in any symmetric monoidal closed (SMC) category. We argue that the linear isomorphism should retrieve library functions almost as well as CCC-isomorphism, and we report experiments with such retrieval from the Lazy ML library. When unification is used, the system retrieves too many functions, but sorting by the sizes of the unifiers tends to place the most relevant functions first. R'esum'e Ce papier pr'esente une nouvelle m'ethode pour la re...

There are four fundamental aspects of use and reuse in building systems from components: conceptualization, retrieval, selection and correct use. The most important barrier to use and reuse, initially at least, is that of conceptualization. The Inscape Environment is a specification-based software development environment (SDE) integrated by the constructive use of formal interface specifications. The purpose of the formal interface specifications and the semantic interconnections (created and maintained as software is built and evolved) is to make explicit the invisible semantic dependencies that result in conventionally built systems. The important ingredient provided by Inquire in conceptualization, retrieval, selection and use is the set of predicates that describe the semantics of the elements in the interface. These predicates define the abstractions that are germane to the module interface and describe the properties of data objects and the assumptions and results of operations i...

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