NoteCards is a general hypermedia environment designed to help people work with ideas. Its intended users are authors, designers, and other intellectual laborers engaged in analyzing information, designing artifacts, and generally processing ideas. The system provides these users with a variety of hypermedia-based tools for collecting, representing, managing, interrelating, and communicating ideas. This paper presents the NoteCards system as a foil against which to explore some of the major limitations of the current generation of hypermedia systems. In doing so, this paper highlights seven of the major issues that must be addressed in the next generation of hypermedia systems. These seven issues are: search and query, composite nodes, virtual structures, computational engines, versioning, collaborative work, and tailorability. For each of these issues, the papers describes the limitations inherent in NoteCards and the prospects for doing improving the situation in future systems.

DIVA supports exploratory data analysis of multimedia streams, enabling users to visualize, explore and evaluate patterns in data that change over time. The underlying stream algebra provides the mathematical basis for operating on diverse kinds of streams. The streamer visualization technique provides a smooth transition between spatial and temporal views of the data. Mapping source and presentation streams into a two-dimensional space provides users with a direct manipulation, nontemporal interface for viewing and editing streams. DIVA was developed to help us analyze both qualitative and quantitative data collected in our research with French air traffic controllers, including video of controllers at work, audio records of telephone, radio and other conversations, output from tools such as RADAR, and coded logs based on our observations. Although our emphasis is on exploratory data analysis, DIVA's stream architecture should prove useful for a wide variety of multimedia application.

This paper presents results of an extensive long-term clickstream study of Web browser usage. Focusing on character and challenges of page revisitation, previous findings from seven to thirteen years ago are updated. The term page revisit had to be differentiated, since the recurrence rate—the key measure for the share of page revisits—turns out to strongly depend on interpretation. We identify different types of revisitation that allow assessing the quality of current user support and developing concepts for new tools. Individual navigation strategies differ dramatically and are strongly influenced by personal habits and type of site visited. Based on user action logs and interviews, we distinguished short-term revisits (backtrack or undo) from medium-term (re-utilize or observe) and long-term revisits (rediscover). We analyze current problems and provide suggestions for improving support for different revisitation types.

: This chapter offers recommendations for potential authors of hypertext documents based on the experience of designing a hypertext system and of creating a series of substantial hypertext databases on personal computers and larger workstations. Advice on choosing projects, identifying useful author tool features, and structuring knowledge is presented. Additional issues such as the design of the root document, article size, and conversion from existing databases are covered. While hypertext has exciting potentials, the dangers of poor design must be overcome to create attractive and effective products. This report appeared in Barrett, Ed (Editor), The Society of Text, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, (1989). Ben Shneiderman is a Professor of Computer Science, Head of the Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory, and a Member of the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, all at the University of Maryland, College Park. 2 Reflections on Authoring, Editing, and Managin...

. It is argued that in order to efficiently tackle complex problems, user and support system should intimately interact, complementing each other's weaknesses. Strengths and limitations of human intelligence, respectively computer intelligence, can be derived from the mechanism of associative, respectively "chunk-based", memory. A good interactive interface should hence allow one to translate between associative (context-dependent) and chunk-based (formal) representations. Associative knowledge can be expressed more explicitly through hypermedia, consisting of a network of connected chunks. Different mechanisms for supporting the creation of networks are reviewed: checklists, outlining, graphic representations, search functions, ... These mechanisms can be complemented by looking for "closed" subnetworks, which define invariant, formal constraints, which can be used to guide inferences. A prototype implementation of an interactive interface, the CONCEPTORGANIZER, is sketched, and some ...

The goal of this research is to provide hypermedia functionality to all information systems. In this paper I present the architecture of a system-level hypermedia engine, designed both to manage fill hypermedia finc-tionality for an information system and to bind intelface-oriented 'Ifront-end " systems with separate computation-oriented "back-end "systems. The engine dynamically su-perimposes a hypermedia representation over a back-end application's knowledge components and processes. I then describe a set of minimal requirements for integrating the hypermedia engine. The more sophisticated and coop-erative the information system, the higher the level of hy-permedia support the engine will provide. 1: Hypermedia and information systems

This paper offers a set of goals for user interface development and then scenarios of future developments. The applications include home control, hypermedia, office automation, digital photography, collaborative meeting/classrooms, public access, professional workstations, and medical record-keeping. Also, predictions are made for some of the underlying technologies such as User Interface Management Systems, remote control, flexible search, display devices, and touchscreens. INTRODUCTION It is dangerous, but necessary, to dream about the future. Dangerous because misguided dreams mislead designers, necessary because without vision navigation is difficult. Without dreams we risk stagnation, and lose the chance to make a better world. This biased and partial portrait of the future is offered to guide designers of future interactive systems. It is organized topdown, from goals to applications to software/hardware. Planning for the future is never easy, but when innovation is the propelli...

Persistent programming systems are generally recognised as the appropriate technology for the construction and maintenance of large, long-lived object based application systems such as software environments. Here some of the advantages of providing all the support required for the software process within a persistent object store with referential integrity are examined. It is shown that powerful new techniques may be supported by having system specifications, programs, configuration management tools and documentation all within a single persistent environment. 1

Hypermedia structuring and navigation requires design methodologies different from those developed for standard information systems. This article details our successful application of Relationship Management Methodology (RMM), a hypermedia systems analysis and design methodology, to ACM SIGLINK's LINKBase. LINKBase is a World-Wide Web (WWW) application, which dynamically generates WWW pages from a relational database containing information about hypertext-related events such as conferences, publications, authors, and sponsoring organizations. We describe our experience applying RMM in this case study, summarize design lessons we learned in the process, present extensions to RMM, and ground our work in the hypermedia design literature. Our experiences should encourage hypermedia and WWW developers to utilize systematic design techniques. KEYWORDS Hypertext, Hypermedia, Relational Database Display, Hypermedia design methodology, Design guidelines, Entity-Relationship Diagrams, Navigatio...

Hypermedia structuring and navigation requires design methodologies di#erent from those developed for standard information systems. This case study details our successful application of relationship management methodology (RMM), a hypermedia systems analysis and design methodology, to ACMSMkNNOGW LINKBase. LINKBase is a World Wide Web (WWW) application, which dynamically generates WWW pages from a relational database containing information about hypermedia-related events such as conferences, publications, authors, and sponsoring organizations. We describe our experience applying RMM in this case study, summarize design lessons we learned in the process, present extensions to RMM, discuss human--computer interaction (HCI) aspects of RMM, and ground our workin the hypermedia design and HCI literature. Our experiences should encourage hypermedia and WWW developers to utilize systematic design techniques to build highly usable and useful WWW applications. r 2001 Elsevier Slsevi Ltd. All rights reserved.