Rewriting logic [72] is proposed as a logical framework in which other logics can be represented, and as a semantic framework for the specification of languages and systems. Using concepts from the theory of general logics [70], representations of an object logic L in a framework logic F are understood as mappings L ! F that translate one logic into the other in a conservative way. The ease with which such maps can be defined for a number of quite different logics of interest, including equational logic, Horn logic with equality, linear logic, logics with quantifiers, and any sequent calculus presentation of a logic for a very general notion of "sequent," is discussed in detail. Using the fact that rewriting logic is reflective, it is often possible to reify inside rewriting logic itself a representation map L ! RWLogic for the finitely presentable theories of L. Such a reification takes the form of a map between the abstract data types representing the finitary theories of...

The Concurrent Logical Framework, or CLF, is a new logical framework in which concurrent computations can be represented as monadic objects, for which there is an intrinsic notion of concurrency. It is designed as a conservative extension of the linear logical framework LLF with the synchronous connectives# of intuitionistic linear logic, encapsulated in a monad. LLF is itself a conservative extension of LF with the asynchronous connectives -#, & and #.

This paper is an overview of existing applications of Linear Logic (LL) to issues of computation. After a substantial introduction to LL, it discusses the implications of LL to functional programming, logic programming, concurrent and object-oriented programming and some other applications of LL, like semantics of negation in LP, non-monotonic issues in AI planning, etc. Although the overview covers pretty much the state-of-the-art in this area, by necessity many of the works are only mentioned and referenced, but not discussed in any considerable detail. The paper does not presuppose any previous exposition to LL, and is addressed more to computer scientists (probably with a theoretical inclination) than to logicians. The paper contains over 140 references, of which some 80 are about applications of LL. 1 Linear Logic Linear Logic (LL) was introduced in 1987 by Girard [62]. From the very beginning it was recognized as relevant to issues of computation (especially concurrency and stat...

. We present a categorical characterisation of term graphs (i.e., finite, directed acyclic graphs labeled over a signature) that parallels the well-known characterisation of terms as arrows of the algebraic theory of a given signature (i.e., the free Cartesian category generated by it). In particular, we show that term graphs over a signature \Sigma are one-to-one with the arrows of the free gs-monoidal category generated by \Sigma. Such a category satisfies all the axioms for Cartesian categories but for the naturality of two transformations (the discharger ! and the duplicator r), providing in this way an abstract and clear relationship between terms and term graphs. In particular, the absence of the naturality of r and ! has a precise interpretation in terms of explicit sharing and of loss of implicit garbage collection, respectively. Keywords: algebraic theories, directed acyclic graphs, gs-monoidal categories, symmetric monoidal categories, term graphs. Mathematical Subject Clas...

We present the propositional fragment CLF0 of the Concurrent Logical Framework (CLF). CLF extends the Linear Logical Framework to allow the natural representation of concurrent computations in an object language. The underlying type theory uses monadic types to segregate values from computations. This separation leads to a tractable notion of definitional equality that identifies computations di#ering only in the order of execution of independent steps. From a logical point of view our type theory can be seen as a novel combination of lax logic and dual intuitionistic linear logic. An encoding of a small Petri net exemplifies the representation methodology, which can be summarized as "concurrent computations as monadic expressions ".

. In the last few years, the semantics of Petri nets has been investigated in several di#erent ways. Apart from the classical "token game," one can model the behaviour of Petri nets via non-sequential processes, via unfolding constructions, which provide formal relationships between nets and domains, and via algebraic models, which view Petri nets as essentially algebraic theories whose models are monoidal categories. In this paper we show that these three points of view can be reconciled. In our formal development a relevant role is played by DecOcc, a category of occurrence nets appropriately decorated to take into account the history of tokens. The structure of decorated occurrence nets at the same time provides natural unfoldings for Place/Transition (PT) nets and suggests a new notion of processes, the decorated processes, which induce on Petri nets the same semantics as that of unfolding. In addition, we prove that the decorated processes of a net can be axiomatized as the arrows...

. In the classical theory of Petri nets, a process is an operational description of the behaviour of a net, which takes into account the causal links between transitions in a sequence of firing steps. In the categorical framework developed in [19, 11], processes of a P/T net are modeled as arrows of a suitable monoidal category: In this paper we lay the basis of a similar characterization for contextual P/T nets, that is, P/T nets extended with read arcs, which allows a transition to check for the presence of a token in a place, without consuming it. 1 Introduction Petri nets [24] are probably the best studied and most used model for concurrent systems: Their range of applications covers a wide spectrum, from their use as a specification tool to their analysis as a suitable semantical domain. A recent extension to the classical model concerns a class of nets where transitions are able to check for the presence of a token in a place without actually consuming it. While the possibility ...

In this paper we define a logic programming language, called SMR, whose main computational mechanism is multiset rewriting. It features a guarded choice capability and, above all, a sequential andlike operator. The language is defined starting from a core language, LM, a subset of Andreoli and Pareschi's LO, which is directly derived from linear logic. LM is minimal in a certain sense we will specify. The language SMR admits a translation into LM through a uniform "continuation" mechanism. We show how SMR could be interesting in two diverse areas, viz. concurrency and plan generation. Keywords Logic programming, linear logic, concurrency, planning. 1 Introduction Linear logic [13, 10] is widely recognized as a logic of concurrency, meaning that the proof theory underlying it faithfully represents some aspects of concurrent computations. Recently it has been pointed out that the same logic is suited for carefully modeling concepts of action and change in planning problems [19, 16]. In...

Real-time finite-state systems may be specified in linear logic by means of linear implications between conjunctions of fixed finite length. In this setting, where time is treated as a dense linear ordering, safety properties may be expressed as certain provability problems. These provability problems are shown to be in pspace. They are solvable, with some guidance, by finite proof search in concurrent logic programming environments based on linear logic and acting as sort of model-checkers. One advantage of our approach is that either it provides unsafe runs or it actually establishes safety. 1 Introduction There are a number of formalisms for expressing real-time processes, including [1, 6, 7, 3, 4, 5, 50, 44, 45, 38]. Many of these real-time formalisms are based on temporal logic or its variations [46, 38, 33] or on timed process algebras [14, 42, 43, 23, 12], or on Buchi automata [52, 3]. In some cases exact complexity-theoretic information is available, such as [51, 3, 5], while ...

Rewriting logic is proposed as a logic of concurrent action and change that solves the frame problem and that subsumes and unifies a number of previous logics of change, including linear logic and Horn logic with equality. Rewriting logic can represent action and change with great flexibility and generality; this flexibility is illustrated by many examples, including examples that show how concurrent object-oriented systems are naturally represented. In addition, rewriting logic has a simple formalism, with only a few rules of deduction; it supports user-definable logical connectives, which can be chosen to fit the problem at hand; it is intrinsically concurrent; and it is realizable in a wide spectrum logical language (Maude and its MaudeLog extension) supporting executable specification and programming. Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 What the frame problem (in our sense) is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 What the frame problem (in our sense) is not . . . . . . ....