) James Harland Department of Computer Science University of Melbourne Parkville, 3052 Australia jah@cs.mu.oz.au David Pym Department of Computer Science University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH9 3JZ Scotland, U.K. dpym@lfcs.ed.ac.uk Abstract We present a proof-theoretic analysis of a natural notion of logic programming for Girard's linear logic. This analysis enables us to identify a suitable notion of uniform proof. This in turn enables us to identify choices of classes of definite and goal formulae for which uniform proofs are complete and so to obtain the appropriate formulation of resolution proof for such choices. Resolution proofs in linear logic are somewhat difficult to define. This difficulty arises from the need to decompose definite formulae into a form suitable for the use of the linear resolution rule, a rule which requires the selected clause to be deleted after use, and from the presence of the modality ! (of course). We consider a translation --- resembling ...

The use of Herbrand functions (more popularly known as Skolemization) plays an important role in classical theorem proving and logic programming. We define a notion of Herbrand functions for the full intuitionistic predicate calculus. The definition is based on the view that the proof-theoretic role of Herbrand functions (to replace universal quantifiers), and of unification (to find instances corresponding to existential quantifiers), is to ensure that the eigenvariable conditions on a sequent proof are respected. The propositional impermutabilities that arise in the intuitionistic but not the classical sequent calculus motivate a generalization of the classical notion of Herbrand functions. Proof search using generalized Herbrand functions also provides a framework for generalizing logic programming to subsets of intuitionistic logic that are larger than Horn clauses. The search procedure described here has been implemented and observed to work effectively in practice. The generaliza...

This paper is an overview of existing applications of Linear Logic (LL) to issues of computation. After a substantial introduction to LL, it discusses the implications of LL to functional programming, logic programming, concurrent and object-oriented programming and some other applications of LL, like semantics of negation in LP, non-monotonic issues in AI planning, etc. Although the overview covers pretty much the state-of-the-art in this area, by necessity many of the works are only mentioned and referenced, but not discussed in any considerable detail. The paper does not presuppose any previous exposition to LL, and is addressed more to computer scientists (probably with a theoretical inclination) than to logicians. The paper contains over 140 references, of which some 80 are about applications of LL. 1 Linear Logic Linear Logic (LL) was introduced in 1987 by Girard [62]. From the very beginning it was recognized as relevant to issues of computation (especially concurrency and stat...

The logic of bunched implications, BI, is a substructural system which freely combines an additive (intuitionistic) and a multiplicative (linear) implication via bunches (contexts with two combining operations, one which admits Weakening and Contraction and one which does not). BI may be seen to arise from two main perspectives. On the one hand, from proof-theoretic or categorical concerns and, on the other, from a possible-worlds semantics based on preordered (commutative) monoids. This semantics may be motivated from a basic model of the notion of resource. We explain BI's proof-theoretic, categorical and semantic origins. We discuss in detail the question of completeness, explaining the essential distinction between BI with and without ? (the unit of _). We give an extensive discussion of BI as a semantically based logic of resources, giving concrete models based on Petri nets, ambients, computer memory, logic programming, and money.

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Recently, there has been much interest in the derivation of logic programming languages based on linear logic, a logic of resource-consumption. Such languages provide a notion of resource-oriented programming, often leading to programs that are more elegant and concise than their equivalents in languages, such as Prolog, based on classical logics. We discuss, with examples, the design, implementation and applications of Lygon, a linear logic programming language. Lygon is based on a proof-theoretic analysis of which occurrences of the linear connectives provide an adequate basis for programming. In common with other linear logic programming languages, Lygon allows clauses to be used exactly once in a computation, thereby avoiding the need for the explicit resource-counting often necessary in Prolog-like languages. Indeed, it appears that resource-sensitivity leads to significant differences between the natural programming methodologies in Lygon and Prolog. Just as linear logic...

We propose a refinement of the type theory underlying the LF logical framework by a form of subtypes and intersection types. This refinement preserves desirable features of LF, such as decidability of type-checking, and at the same time considerably simplifies the representations of many deductive systems. A subtheory can be applied directly to hereditary Harrop formulas which form the basis of Prolog and Isabelle. 1 Introduction Over the past two years we have carried out extensive experiments in the application of the LF Logical Framework [HHP93] to represent and implement deductive systems and their metatheory. Such systems arise naturally in the study of logic and the theory of programming languages. For example, we have formalized the operational semantics and type system of Mini-ML and implemented a proof of type preservation [MP91] and the correctness of a compiler to a variant of the Categorical Abstract Machine [HP92]. LF is based on a predicative type theory with dependent t...

This work is dedicated to my parents. Acknowledgments Firstly, and foremost, I would like to thank my principal advisor, Frank Pfenning, for his patience with me, and for teaching me most of what I know about logic and type theory. I would also like to acknowledge some useful discussions with Kevin Watkins which led me to simplify some of this work. Finally, I would like to thank my other advisor, John Reynolds, for all his kindness and support over the last five years. Abstract This thesis introduces a new logical system, ordered linear logic, which combines reasoning with unrestricted, linear, and ordered hypotheses. The logic conservatively extends (intuitionistic) linear logic, which contains both unrestricted and linear hypotheses, with a notion of ordered hypotheses. Ordered hypotheses must be used exactly once, subject to the order in which they were assumed (i.e., their order cannot be changed during the course of a derivation). This ordering constraint allows for logical representations of simple data structures such as stacks and queues. We construct ordered linear logic in the style of Martin-L"of from the basic notion of a hypothetical judgement. We then show normalization for the system by constructing a sequent calculus presentation and proving cut-elimination of the sequent system.

ions *) and varbind = Varbind of string * term (* Variable binders , Type *) In the implementation of the term language and the type checker, we have two constants type and pi. And, yes, type is a type, though this could be avoided by introducing universes (see [16]) without any changes to the code of the unifier. As is customary, we use A ! B as an abbreviation for \Pix : A: B if x does not occur free in B. Also, however, \Pix : A: B is an abbreviation for the application pi A (x : A: B). In our formulation, then, the constant pi has type \PiA : type: ((A ! type) ! type). As an example consider a predicate constant eq of type \PiA : type: A ! A ! o (where o is the type of formulas as indicated in Section 9). The single clause eqAM M: correctly models equality, that is, a goal of the form eq AM N will succeed if M and N are unifiable. The fact that unification now has to branch can be seen by considering the goal eq int (F 1 1) 1 which has three solutions for the functional logic var...

Natural language generation (NLG) is first and foremost a reasoning task. In this reasoning, a system plans a communicative act that will signal key facts about the domain to the hearer. In generating action descriptions, this reasoning draws on characterizations both of the causal properties of the domain and the states of knowledge of the participants in the conversation. This dissertation shows how such characterizations can be specified declaratively and accessed efficiently in NLG. The heart of this dissertation is a study of logical statements about knowledge and action in modal logic. By investigating the proof-theory of modal logic from a logic programming point of view, I show how many kinds of modal statements can be seen as straightforward instructions for computationally manageable search, just as Prolog clauses can. These modal statements provide sufficient expressive resources for an NLG system to represent the effects of actions in the world or to model an addressee whose knowledge in some respects exceeds and in other respects falls short of its own. To illustrate the use of such statements, I describe how the SPUD sentence planner exploits a modal knowledge base to