ion is written as [x: oe]M instead of x: oe:M and application is written M(N) instead of App [x:oe] (M; N ). 1 Iterated abstractions and applications are written [x 1 : oe 1 ; : : : ; x n : oe n ]M and M(N 1 ; : : : ; N n ), respectively. The lacking type information can be inferred. The universe is written Set instead of U . The El-operator is omitted. For example the \Pi-type is described by the following constant and equality declarations (understood in every valid context): ` \Pi : (oe: Set; : (oe)Set)Set ` App : (oe: Set; : (oe)Set; m: \Pi(oe; ); n: oe) (m) ` : (oe: Set; : (oe)Set; m: (x: oe) (x))\Pi(oe; ) oe: Set; : (oe)Set; m: (x: oe) (x); n: oe ` App(oe; ; (oe; ; m); n) = m(n) Notice, how terms with free variables are represented as framework abstractions (in the type of ) and how substitution is represented as framework application (in the type of App and in the equation). In this way the burden of dealing correctly with variables, substitution, and binding is s...

We give two nite axiomatizations of indexed inductive-recursive de nitions in intuitionistic type theory. They extend our previous nite axiomatizations of inductive-recursive de nitions of sets to indexed families of sets and encompass virtually all de nitions of sets which have been used in intuitionistic type theory. The more restricted of the two axiomatization arises naturally by considering indexed inductive-recursive de nitions as initial algebras in slice categories, whereas the other admits a more general and convenient form of an introduction rule.

. We introduce categories with families as a new notion of model for a basic framework of dependent types. This notion is close to ordinary syntax and yet has a clean categorical description. We also present categories with families as a generalized algebraic theory. Then we define categories with families formally in Martin-Lof's intensional intuitionistic type theory. Finally, we discuss the coherence problem for these internal categories with families. 1 Introduction In a previous paper [8] I introduced a general notion of simultaneous inductiverecursive definition in intuitionistic type theory. This notion subsumes various reflection principles and seems to pave the way for a natural development of what could be called "internal type theory", that is, the construction of models of (fragments of) type theory in type theory, and more generally, the formalization of the metatheory of type theory in type theory. The present paper is a first investigation of such an internal type theor...

We give a detailed, informal proof of the Church-Rosser property for the untyped lambda-calculus and show its representation in LF. The proof is due to Tait and Martin-Löf and is based on the notion of parallel reduction. The representation employs higher-order abstract syntax and the judgments-as-types principle and takes advantage of term reconstruction as it is provided in the Elf implementation of LF. Proofs of meta-theorems are represented as higher-level judgments which relate sequences of reductions and conversions.

This work is dedicated to my parents. Acknowledgments Firstly, and foremost, I would like to thank my principal advisor, Frank Pfenning, for his patience with me, and for teaching me most of what I know about logic and type theory. I would also like to acknowledge some useful discussions with Kevin Watkins which led me to simplify some of this work. Finally, I would like to thank my other advisor, John Reynolds, for all his kindness and support over the last five years. Abstract This thesis introduces a new logical system, ordered linear logic, which combines reasoning with unrestricted, linear, and ordered hypotheses. The logic conservatively extends (intuitionistic) linear logic, which contains both unrestricted and linear hypotheses, with a notion of ordered hypotheses. Ordered hypotheses must be used exactly once, subject to the order in which they were assumed (i.e., their order cannot be changed during the course of a derivation). This ordering constraint allows for logical representations of simple data structures such as stacks and queues. We construct ordered linear logic in the style of Martin-L"of from the basic notion of a hypothetical judgement. We then show normalization for the system by constructing a sequent calculus presentation and proving cut-elimination of the sequent system.

Two formalisms that have been used extensively in the last few years for the calculation of programs are the Eindhoven quantifier notation and the formalism developed by Bird and Meertens. Although the former has always been applied with ultimate goal the derivation of imperative programs and the latter with ultimate goal the derivation of functional programs there is a remarkable similarity in the formal games that are played. This paper explores the Bird-Meertens formalism by expressing and deriving within it the basic rules applicable in the Eindhoven quantifier notation. 1 Calculation was an endless delight to Moorish scholars. They loved problems, they enjoyed finding ingenious methods to solve them, and sometimes they turned their methods into mechanical devices. (J. Bronowski, The Ascent of Man. Book Club Associates: London (1977).) 1 Introduction Our ability to calculate --- whether it be sums, products, differentials, integrals, or whatever --- would be woefull...

Standard ML includes a set of module constructs that support programming in the large. These constructs extend ML's basic polymorphic type system by introducing the dependent types of Martin Lo"f's Intuitionistic Type Theory. This paper discusses the problems involved in implementing Standard ML's modules and describes a practical, efficient solution to these problems. The representations and algorithms of this implementation were inspired by a detailed formal semantics of Standard ML developed by Milner, Tofte, and Harper. The implementation is part of a new Standard ML compiler that is written in Standard ML using the module system. March 11, An Implementation of Standard ML Modules David MacQueen AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ 07974 1. Introduction An important part of the revision of ML that led to the Standard ML language was the inclusion of module facilities for the support of "programming in the large." The design of these facilities went through several versions [...

The notion of a universe of types was introduced into constructive type theory by Martin-Löf (1975). According to the propositions-as-types principle inherent in

. We propose a representation of interactive systems in dependent

Abstract. Nuprl and HOL are both tactic-based interactive theorem provers for higher-order logic, and both have been used in many substantial applications over the last decade. However, the HOL community has accumulated a much larger collection of formalized mathematics of the kind useful for hardware and software veri cation. This collection would be of great bene t in applying Nuprl to veri cation problems of real practical interest. This paper describes a connection we have implemented between HOL and Nuprl that gives Nuprl e ective access to mathematics formalized in HOL. In designing this connection, we had to overcome a number of problems related to di erences in the logics, logical infrastructures and stylistic conventions of Nuprl and HOL. 1