We thank an anonymous reviewer for exceptionally detailed feedback and Todd Chiles, Richard

Abstract not found

Abstract. There is scant empirical evidence on how firms, and especially large ones, learn in their international activities. This issue, which forms the focus of enquiry in this study, is closely linked to the learning theme of how firms become alert and seize opportunities abroad. Bringing insights from international entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship and international business studies, we performed an in-depth case examination of six multinational subsidiaries of a large Finnish firm. The contribution of this article is that it identifies and explores two learning modes of multinational subsidiaries, namely entrepreneurial and international learning. Drawing on organizational learning theories, we suggest that entrepreneurial learning shares characteristics with the interpretive learning perspective, while international learning shares characteristics with the systems-structural learning perspective. Implications for research and management are discussed. While international entrepreneurship studies have significantly increased since the mid-1990s, the role of learning in the relevant literature has received minor attention. Very few studies in this area provide insights into the theme of how firms acquire