Lushootseed has a set of verbal endings which Hess (1993a) classifies as either patient-orienting or agent-orienting suffixes. Patient-orienting suffixes increase the valency of stems, as do some agent-orienting suffixes, cf. (1): D = deictic; Ä = feminine; P = preposition; pnt = punctual (1) (a) úu+gã \ ©+\d tsi ©a ©as PNT+seek+ patient DÄ child Ôhe/she looked for the girlÕ (b) úu+gã \ ©+\btsi ©a ©as PNT+seek+ agent DÄ child Ôthe girl looked for him/herÕ (2) (a) úu+gã \ ©+\d \d tsi ©a ©as PNT+seek+ patient I DÄ child ÔI looked for the girlÕ (b) úu+gã \ ©+\b \d ú \ tsi ©a ©as PNT+seek+ agent I P DÄ child ÔI looked for the girlÕ ¥ valency-increasing morphemes such as these add participants to the profile of an event by adding a link to the action chain (I) described by that event ¥ the agent-orienting suffix-b ÔmiddleÕ adds an agent, but forms intransitive verbs ¥ patient-orienting suffixesÑ-s ÔapplicativeÕ,-t ÔtransitivizerÕ,-dxã Ôlack of controlÕ, and-txã ÔcausativeÕÑadd an agent to an event-profile, but form transitive verbs Cross-linguistically, instrumentals, causatives, and applicatives are known to increase the valency of verbs (Comrie 1989); the analysis presented here will show that (other than-s) Lushootseed valency-increasing suffixes are all causatives of a sort, the transitivity of the stems they form depending on their degree of conformity with the transitive archetype (II). I) The action chain (Langacker 1991)

Suomen ja saamen kielen ja logopedian laitos,

In the Salishan languages Lushootseed and Bella Coola, nominalization of verbs and even entire clauses is realized through the use of nominalizing prefixes, the most important of which is s-(Nater 1984; Hess 1993). Although some properties of s-nominals in these languages differ, the schematic meaning of the morpheme is the same, both languages making use of a single prototype and one or two subschematic meanings. The cross-linguistic differences are largely the result of whether the prefix is applied to bare verbs, verbs plus objects, or verb, subject, and object. The combination of these two factors--one conceptual or semantic (choice of schema) and the other compositional or syntactic (type or scope of nominalization)--leads to a unified analysis of the meaning and behaviour of s-nominals in the two languages. 1) Types of Nominalization In Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991), three types of nominalization are proposed: • Action Nominalization: nominalizes a verb with no accompanying arguments (actants), creating a new lexical item which designates a generic type of action or event. • Factive Nominalization: nominalizes a verb along with all of its actants except the subject; these are also called "participles " or "gerunds". This creates an instance of an event

This article proposes a new interpretation of the relationship between poetic form and literary interpretation in Rostand’s Cyrano de Bergerac, focusing on the special affordances of rhyme and meter in dramatic verse and on Rostand’s virtuosic exploitation of poetic blending possibilities in Cyrano. I claim that poetic blends play a thematically essential role in this work, at a level far beyond their thematic contribution to most verse drama. Such a reading of Cyrano may thus help to expose general aspects of poetic blending which may be less visibly present in other texts. It also has consequences for our understanding of verbal humor and irony. In the final section of the article, I propose an extension of my analysis of metric and rhyming blends to the beginnings of a cognitive poetic treatment of intertextuality as blending.