this paper states that different levels of processing can work on different pieces of an utterance at the same time. Thus, the phonological encoder can work on the early part of the clause while the syntactic encoder works on filling out what remains. As a result, once the syntactic representation for the sentence is done, its corresponding phonological representation is likely close to complete as well. 29

Four experiments investigated potential influences of spelling on single word speech production. A form-preparation paradigm that showed priming effects for words with initial form overlap was used to investigate whether words with form overlap, but different spelling (e.g., "camel"-"kidney") also show priming. Experiment 1 demonstrated that such words did not benefit from the form overlap, suggesting that the incongruent spelling disrupted the form-preparation effect. Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment with an independent set of items and an improved design, and once again showed a disruptive effect of spelling. To divert participants' attention from the spelling of the targets, Experiment 3 was conducted entirely in the auditory domain, but yielded the same outcome as before. Experiment 4 showed that matching initial letters alone, in the absence of matching sounds (e.g., "cycle"-"cobra"), did not produce priming. These findings raise the possibility that orthographic codes are mandatorily activated in speech production by literate speakers.

Three different speech production paradigms are used to assess the hypothesis introduced by Kello, Plant, and MacWhinney (2000) according to...

this paper is to help clarifying the underlying mechanisms of one of these tasks, the implicit priming task, first developed by Meyer (1990, 1991)

The Stroop phenomenon is the finding that color naming is inhibited by incongruent color words but word reading not by incongruent colors. When the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is manipulated, maximal inhibition of incongruent words on color naming is obtained when the words are presented within 100 msec of the colors, whereas facilitation of preexposed congruent words is constant. These finding are obtained both with and without task certainty. Whereas existing models explain the basic Stroop effects, they fail to account for the time course findings and for performance under task uncertainty. In this paper, I extend and apply the WEAVER++ model of spoken word production (Roelofs, 1992, 1993, 1997c; Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999) to performance on the Stroop task and show that the model accounts for the key findings.

ms about how much and what aspects of processing are reflected in their chronometric measures of behavior; it is assumed that the cognitive process in question plays a sufficient role in carrying out the measured behavior. The current study focuses on the relationship between the time course of cognitive processing and the time course of motor execution. For a given unit of action (e.g., a spoken word or a written letter), one can ask the question, how much cognitive processing must persist during motor execution to support the action itself? We shall define the relationship between cognition and action as staged if, upon initiation of a given unit of action We would like to thank Nora Newcombe, Jay McClelland, Alan Kawamoto, and three anonymous reviewers, and the PDP research group for their helpful comments and suggestions. This work was supported by NIMH grant MH19102 and NIH grant MH55628. Direct all correspondence to the first author at his new address: Christopher Kello, House E