We give a general complexity classification scheme for monotone computation, including monotone space-bounded and Turing machine models not previously considered. We propose monotone complexity classes including mAC i , mNC i , mLOGCFL, mBWBP , mL, mNL, mP , mBPP and mNP . We define a simple notion of monotone reducibility and exhibit complete problems. This provides a framework for stating existing results and asking new questions. We show that mNL (monotone nondeterministic log-space) is not closed under complementation, in contrast to Immerman's and Szelepcs 'enyi's nonmonotone result [Imm88, Sze87] that NL = co-NL; this is a simple extension of the monotone circuit depth lower bound of Karchmer and Wigderson [KW90] for st-connectivity. We also consider mBWBP (monotone bounded width branching programs) and study the question of whether mBWBP is properly contained in mNC 1 , motivated by Barrington's result [Bar89] that BWBP = NC 1 . Although we cannot answer t...

In this paper, we study the precise complexity of XPath 1.0 query processing. Even though heavily used by its incorporation into a variety of XML-related standards, the precise cost of evaluating an XPath query is not yet wellunderstood. The first polynomial-time algorithm for XPath processing (with respect to combined complexity) was proposed only recently, and even to this day all major XPath engines take time exponential in the size of the input queries. From the standpoint of theory, the precise complexity of XPath query evaluation is open, and it is thus unknown whether the query evaluation problem can be parallelized.

We demonstrate that DNA computers can simulate Boolean circuits with a small overhead. Boolean circuits embody the notion of massively parallel signal processing and are frequently encountered in many parallel algorithms. Many important problems such as sorting, integer arithmetic, and matrix multiplication are known to be computable by small size Boolean circuits much faster than by ordinary sequential digital computers. This paper shows that DNA chemistry allows one to simulate large semi-unbounded fan-in Boolean circuits with a logarithmic slowdown in computation time. Also, for the class NC 1 , the slowdown can be reduced to a constant. In this algorithm we have encoded the inputs, the Boolean AND gates, and the OR gates to DNA oligonucleotide sequences. We operate on the gates and the inputs by standard molecular techniques of sequence-specific annealing, ligation, separation by size, amplification, sequence-specific cleavage, and detection by size. Additional steps of amplifica...

In this paper we investigate complexity issues related to pure Nash equilibria of strategic games. We show that, even in very restrictive settings, determining whether a game has a pure Nash Equilibrium is NP-hard, while deciding whether a game has a strong Nash equilibrium is St-complete. We then study practically relevant restrictions that lower the complexity. In particular, we are interested in quantitative and qualitative restrictions of the way each player's move depends on moves of other players. We say that a game has small neighborhood if the " utility function for each player depends only on (the actions of) a logarithmically small number of other players, The dependency structure of a game G can he expressed by a graph G(G) or by a hypergraph I-I(G). Among other results, we show that if jC has small neighborhood and if I-I(G) has botmdecl hypertree width (or if G(G) has bounded treewidth), then finding pure Nash and Pareto equilibria is feasible in polynomial time. If the game is graphical, then these problems are LOGCFL-complete and thus in the class _NC ~ of highly parallelizable problems. 1 Introduction and Overview of Results The theory of strategic games and Nash equilibria has important applications in economics and decision making [31, 2]. Determining whether Nash equilibria exist, and effectively computing

We show that in the context of nonuniform complexity, nondeterministic logarithmic space bounded computation can be made unambiguous. An analogous result holds for the class of problems reducible to context-free languages. In terms of complexity classes, this can be stated as: NL/poly = UL/poly LogCFL/poly = UAuxPDA(log n; n O(1) )/poly

We investigate the phenomenon of depth-reduction in commutativeand non-commutative arithmetic circuits. We prove that in the commutative setting, uniform semi-unbounded arithmetic circuits of logarithmic depth are as powerful as uniform arithmetic circuits of polynomial degree (and unrestricted depth); earlier proofs did not work in the uniform setting. This also provides a unified proof of the circuit characterizations of the class LOGCFL and its counting variant #LOGCFL. We show that AC 1 has no more power than arithmetic circuits of polynomial size and degree n O(log log n) (improving the trivial bound of n O(logn) ). Connections are drawn between TC 1 and arithmetic circuits of polynomial size and degree. Then we consider non-commutative computation. We show that over the algebra (\Sigma ; max, concat), arithmetic circuits of polynomial size and polynomial degree can be reduced to O(log 2 n) depth (and even to O(log n) depth if unbounded-fanin gates are allowed) . This...

This survey gives an overview of formal results on the XML query language XPath. We identify several important fragments of XPath, focusing on subsets of XPath 1.0. We then give results on the expressiveness of XPath and its fragments compared to other formalisms for querying trees, algorithms and complexity bounds for evaluation of XPath queries, and static analysis of XPath queries.

We analyze the owner concept for PRAMs. In OROW-PRAMs each memory cell has one distinct processor that is the only one allowed to write into this memory cell and one distinct processor that is the only one allowed to read from it. By symmetric pointer doubling, a new proof technique for OROW-PRAMs, it is shown that list ranking can be done in O(log n) time by an OROWPRAM and that LOGSPACE ` OROW-TIME(log n). Then we prove that OROW-PRAMs are a fairly robust model and recognize the same class of languages when the model is modified in several ways and that all kinds of PRAMs intertwine with the NC -hierarchy without timeloss. Finally it is shown that EREWPRAMs can be simulated by OREW-PRAMs and ERCW-PRAMs by ORCW-PRAMs. 3 This research was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB 342, Teilprojekt A4 "Klassifikation und Parallelisierung durch Reduktionsanalyse" y E-mail: rossmani@lan.informatik.tu-muenchen.dbp.de Introduction Fortune and Wyllie introduced in...

We show that the perfect matching problem is in the complexity class SPL (in the nonuniform setting). This provides a better upper bound on the complexity of the matching problem, as well as providing motivation for studying the complexity class SPL. Using similar techniques, we show that counting the number of accepting paths of a nondeterministic logspace machine can be done in NL/poly, if the number of paths is small. This clarifies the complexity of the class LogFew (defined and studied in [BDHM91]). Using derandomization techniques, we then improve this to show that this counting problem is in NL. Determining if our other theorems hold in the uniform setting remains an The material in this paper appeared in preliminary form in papers in the Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, 1998, and in the Proceedings of the Workshop on Randomized Algorithms, Brno, 1998. y Supported in part by NSF grants CCR-9509603 and CCR-9734918. z Supported in part by the ...

In 1985, Goldwasser, Micali and Rackoff formulated interactive proof systems as a tool for developing cryptographic protocols. Indeed, many exciting cryptographic results followed from studying interactive proof systems and the related concept of zero-knowledge. Interactive proof systems also have an important part in complexity theory merging the well established concepts of probabilistic and nondeterministic computation. This thesis will study the complexity of various models of interactive proof systems. A perfect zero-knowledge interactive protocol convinces a verifier that a string is in a language without revealing any additional knowledge in an information theoretic sense. This thesis will show that for any language that has a perfect zero-knowledge proof system, its complement has a short interactive protocol. This result implies that there are not any perfect zero-knowledge protocols for NP-complete languages unless the polynomial-time hierarchy collapses. Thus knowledge comp...